Research Progress of Main Virulence Factors in Salmonella

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2022-0687

Abstract

Abstract:

Salmonella is one of the most common foodborne pathogens and is one of the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Its serotypes are numerous,more than 2 600 ones have been reported,and different serotypes of Salmonella have different pathogenicity in humans and animals. Its pathogenicity is closely related to virulence factors. In this paper,the main virulence factors,secretion systems and/or virulence genes encoded by Salmonella and their functions are systematically introduced,the relationship between virulence genes and virulence is further analyzed,and the feasibility of whole genome sequencing（WGS）in predicting virulence levels is also discussed. It is conducive to exploring the mechanism of interaction between various virulence factors and the host in Salmonella,to understanding salmonellosis at the genetic level and facilitating the control of Salmonella at the source,thus providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of salmonellosis.

Key words: Salmonella pathogenicity island, Salmonella virulence plasmid, structural virulence factor, enterotoxin, virulence factor

LIU Li-hui, CHU Jin-hua, SUI Yu-xin, CHEN Yang, CHENG Gu-yue. Research Progress of Main Virulence Factors in Salmonella[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2022, 38(9): 72-83.

Figures/Tables 3

References 79

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毒力岛 SPI	分泌系统 Secretion system	主要基因 Major gene	功能 Function	参考文献 Reference
SPI-1	T3SS1	iacB	与沙门氏菌入侵宿主上皮细胞引起肠病有关 Associated with host epithelial cell invasion and enteropathy	[2]
		avrA	抑制促炎因子的激活、诱导细胞凋亡以及促进肠上皮细胞增殖及肿瘤形成 Inhibit the activation of proinflammatory factor,induce apoptosis,and promote intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and tumor formation	[3]
		sipA	与细胞内入侵有关、促进caspase-3的激活和释放 Associated with intracellular invasion and promote activation and release of caspase-3	[3]
		sipB	促进沙门氏菌诱导的caspase-1依赖型细胞的凋亡、促进IL-18的释放 Promote Salmonella-induced caspase-1-dependent apoptosis and the release of IL-18	[3]
		sipC	与沙门氏菌的易位蛋白有关、促进病原体内化 Associated with translocated proteins in Salmonella,and promote pathogen internalization	[3]
		sptP	破坏宿主细胞骨架、促进沙门氏菌在宿主细胞内复制 Destroy host cellular actin cytoskeleton,and promote Salmonella intracellular replication	[3]
		sopA	E3泛素连接酶,泛素化细菌和/或宿主细胞底物 E3 ubiquitin ligase,ubiquitinating bacterial and/or host cell substrates	[4]
		sopE	诱导快速的肌动蛋白细胞骨架重排、膜皱褶和随后的病原体巨胞饮,促进细菌侵袭 Induce rapid actin cytoskeletal rearrangement,membrane ruffling,and subsequent pathogen macropinocytosis,and facilitate bacterial invasion	[5]
		sopE2	Cdc42 的鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子（通过SPI-1-TTSS） Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Cdc42（via SPI-1-TTSS）	[6]
		invB	维持SopA蛋白的稳定性和易位 Maintain the stability and translocation of SopA protein	[7]
		sicA	维持分子伴侣InvF的活动 Maintain the activity of chaperone InvF	[8]
		sicP	其编码的蛋白SicP是SptP蛋白的分子伴侣 Its encoded protein SicP is a chaperone of the SptP protein	[9]
SPI-2	T3SS2	ssrB	其编码的SsrB蛋白激活转录和解除H-NS介导的抑制作用 Its encoded SsrB protein activates transcription and relieves H-NS-mediated repression	[10]
		ssaB	分泌 sseB 和 sseC 所需 Required for the secretion of sseB and sseC	[6]
		ssaE	能识别转运体sseB并通过SPI-2的T3SS控制其分泌 Recognize the transporter sseB and controls its secretion through the T3SS of SPI-2	[11]
		sscA	sseC易位子的伴侣 Partner of the sseC translocon	[12]
		sscB	诱导沙门氏菌上皮细胞连续丝形成、其编码的蛋白sscB是效应子sseF的伴侣 Induce the continuous filament formation in Salmonella epithelial cells,its encoded protein sscB is a partner of the effector sseF	[13]
		sseC	SPI-2 转座子 SPI-2 transposon	[6]
		sseL	抑制宿主炎性作用,对巨噬细胞具有杀伤作用 Inhibit host inflammatory effects and has killing effect on macrophages	[14]
		sseFG	将沙门氏菌液泡（SCV）运输到高尔基网络 Transport Salmonella vacuole（SCV）to the Golgi network	[14]
		ttr	与四硫酸还原酶的产生有关 Associated with the production of tetrasulfate reductase	[15]
SPI-3	-	mgtCB	与菌体在宿主细胞内存活以及在宿主肠道定殖有关 Associated with bacterial survival in host cells and the colonization of the host gut	[16]
SPI-3	-	misL	编码自体转运蛋白MisL Code autotransporter MisL	[2]
SPI-4	T1SS	siiE	会对小鼠和牛产生毒力,与宿主肠道上皮细胞的黏附和侵袭有关 Host virulent in mice and cattle,associated with the adhesion and invasion of host intestinal epithelial cells	[2]
SPI-5	-	pipA	刺激促炎细胞因子的信号转导 Stimulate signal transduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines	[17]
		pipB	把kinesin-1募集到SCV中 Recruitment of kinesin-1 into SCV	[14]
		pipC	与肠上皮侵袭有关 Associated with the invasion of intestinal epithelium	[2]
		sopB	具有抗凋亡活性、与细胞内复制有关、损害宿主的肠上皮屏障功能 Having anti-apoptotic activity,associated with intracellular replication,and impair intestinal epithelial barrier function in the host	[2]
		sigD	促进中性粒细胞募集、具有抗凋亡活性、与细胞内复制有关 Facilitate neutrophil recruitment,have anti-apoptotic activity,and associated with intracellular replication	[2⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓,16]
		sigE	与肠上皮侵袭有关 Associated with the invasion of intestinal epithelium	[2]
SPI-6	T6SS	saf	介导细胞间寡聚体机制、促进细菌聚集、定殖和最终生物膜的形成 Mediate cell-cell oligomer mechanisms,and promote bacterial aggregation,colonization,and ultimately biofilm formation	[17]
SPI-6	T6SS	tcf	编码功能性菌毛并作为黏附素、有助于伤寒期间的定殖 Encode functional pili and act as an adhesin,and contribute to colonization during typhoid fever	[18]
SPI-19	T6SS	无	与细菌在宿主巨噬细胞内存活以及鸡的定殖有关 Associated with bacterial survival within host macrophages,colonization of chickens	[2]

毒力岛 SPI	分泌系统 Secretion system	主要基因 Major gene	功能 Function	参考文献 Reference
SPI-1	T3SS1	iacB	与沙门氏菌入侵宿主上皮细胞引起肠病有关 Associated with host epithelial cell invasion and enteropathy	[2]
		avrA	抑制促炎因子的激活、诱导细胞凋亡以及促进肠上皮细胞增殖及肿瘤形成 Inhibit the activation of proinflammatory factor,induce apoptosis,and promote intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and tumor formation	[3]
		sipA	与细胞内入侵有关、促进caspase-3的激活和释放 Associated with intracellular invasion and promote activation and release of caspase-3	[3]
		sipB	促进沙门氏菌诱导的caspase-1依赖型细胞的凋亡、促进IL-18的释放 Promote Salmonella-induced caspase-1-dependent apoptosis and the release of IL-18	[3]
		sipC	与沙门氏菌的易位蛋白有关、促进病原体内化 Associated with translocated proteins in Salmonella,and promote pathogen internalization	[3]
		sptP	破坏宿主细胞骨架、促进沙门氏菌在宿主细胞内复制 Destroy host cellular actin cytoskeleton,and promote Salmonella intracellular replication	[3]
		sopA	E3泛素连接酶,泛素化细菌和/或宿主细胞底物 E3 ubiquitin ligase,ubiquitinating bacterial and/or host cell substrates	[4]
		sopE	诱导快速的肌动蛋白细胞骨架重排、膜皱褶和随后的病原体巨胞饮,促进细菌侵袭 Induce rapid actin cytoskeletal rearrangement,membrane ruffling,and subsequent pathogen macropinocytosis,and facilitate bacterial invasion	[5]
		sopE2	Cdc42 的鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子（通过SPI-1-TTSS） Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Cdc42（via SPI-1-TTSS）	[6]
		invB	维持SopA蛋白的稳定性和易位 Maintain the stability and translocation of SopA protein	[7]
		sicA	维持分子伴侣InvF的活动 Maintain the activity of chaperone InvF	[8]
		sicP	其编码的蛋白SicP是SptP蛋白的分子伴侣 Its encoded protein SicP is a chaperone of the SptP protein	[9]
SPI-2	T3SS2	ssrB	其编码的SsrB蛋白激活转录和解除H-NS介导的抑制作用 Its encoded SsrB protein activates transcription and relieves H-NS-mediated repression	[10]
		ssaB	分泌 sseB 和 sseC 所需 Required for the secretion of sseB and sseC	[6]
		ssaE	能识别转运体sseB并通过SPI-2的T3SS控制其分泌 Recognize the transporter sseB and controls its secretion through the T3SS of SPI-2	[11]
		sscA	sseC易位子的伴侣 Partner of the sseC translocon	[12]
		sscB	诱导沙门氏菌上皮细胞连续丝形成、其编码的蛋白sscB是效应子sseF的伴侣 Induce the continuous filament formation in Salmonella epithelial cells,its encoded protein sscB is a partner of the effector sseF	[13]
		sseC	SPI-2 转座子 SPI-2 transposon	[6]
		sseL	抑制宿主炎性作用,对巨噬细胞具有杀伤作用 Inhibit host inflammatory effects and has killing effect on macrophages	[14]
		sseFG	将沙门氏菌液泡（SCV）运输到高尔基网络 Transport Salmonella vacuole（SCV）to the Golgi network	[14]
		ttr	与四硫酸还原酶的产生有关 Associated with the production of tetrasulfate reductase	[15]
SPI-3	-	mgtCB	与菌体在宿主细胞内存活以及在宿主肠道定殖有关 Associated with bacterial survival in host cells and the colonization of the host gut	[16]
SPI-3	-	misL	编码自体转运蛋白MisL Code autotransporter MisL	[2]
SPI-4	T1SS	siiE	会对小鼠和牛产生毒力,与宿主肠道上皮细胞的黏附和侵袭有关 Host virulent in mice and cattle,associated with the adhesion and invasion of host intestinal epithelial cells	[2]
SPI-5	-	pipA	刺激促炎细胞因子的信号转导 Stimulate signal transduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines	[17]
		pipB	把kinesin-1募集到SCV中 Recruitment of kinesin-1 into SCV	[14]
		pipC	与肠上皮侵袭有关 Associated with the invasion of intestinal epithelium	[2]
		sopB	具有抗凋亡活性、与细胞内复制有关、损害宿主的肠上皮屏障功能 Having anti-apoptotic activity,associated with intracellular replication,and impair intestinal epithelial barrier function in the host	[2]
		sigD	促进中性粒细胞募集、具有抗凋亡活性、与细胞内复制有关 Facilitate neutrophil recruitment,have anti-apoptotic activity,and associated with intracellular replication	[2⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓,16]
		sigE	与肠上皮侵袭有关 Associated with the invasion of intestinal epithelium	[2]
SPI-6	T6SS	saf	介导细胞间寡聚体机制、促进细菌聚集、定殖和最终生物膜的形成 Mediate cell-cell oligomer mechanisms,and promote bacterial aggregation,colonization,and ultimately biofilm formation	[17]
SPI-6	T6SS	tcf	编码功能性菌毛并作为黏附素、有助于伤寒期间的定殖 Encode functional pili and act as an adhesin,and contribute to colonization during typhoid fever	[18]
SPI-19	T6SS	无	与细菌在宿主巨噬细胞内存活以及鸡的定殖有关 Associated with bacterial survival within host macrophages,colonization of chickens	[2]

其他毒力因子 Other virulence factor	主要基因 Major gene	功能 Function	参考文献 Reference
毒力质粒 Virulence plasmid	spvR	激活毒力操纵子spvABCD的转录 Activate the transcription of the virulence operon spvABCD	[44]
	spvA	与细菌的多重耐药有关 Associated with multidrug resistance in bacteria	[45]
	spvB	干扰巨噬细胞铁代谢、促进沙门氏菌的存活和细胞内复制 Interfer with macrophage iron metabolism,and promote Salmonella survival and intracellular replication	[46]
	spvC	显著促进小鼠早期肠外传播 Significantly promote early parenteral transmission in mice	[47]
	spvD	负性调节NF-κB信号通路并促进鼠伤寒沙门氏菌血清型的毒力 Negatively regulate NF-κB signaling pathway and promote the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium serotypes	[48]
鞭毛 Flagella	fliC	编码沙门氏菌的抗原亚基鞭毛蛋白第一相 Encode the phase 1 flagellar antigens of Salmonella	[49]
	fljB	编码沙门氏菌的抗原亚基鞭毛蛋白第二相 Encode the phase 2 flagellar antigens of Salmonella	[49]
	flpA	编码沙门氏菌的抗原亚基鞭毛蛋白第三相 Encode the phase 3 flagellar antigens of Salmonella	[49]
菌毛 Pili	agf	编码卷曲型聚集性菌毛、促进细菌的黏附和入侵 Encode curly clustered pili,and promote bacterial adhesion and invasion	[50-51]
	bfp	编码Ⅳ型菌毛、促进感染早期在宿主上皮表面形成黏附菌落 Encode type Ⅳ pili,and promote the formation of adherent colonies on host epithelial surfaces early in infection	[52-53]
	pil	编码Ⅳ型菌毛 Encode type Ⅳ pili	[52]
	fim	影响宿主趋性 Impact host chemotaxis	[50]
肠毒素 Enterotoxin	stn	与细菌细胞膜的完整性相关 Associated with integrity of bacterial membrane membranes	[54]

其他毒力因子 Other virulence factor	主要基因 Major gene	功能 Function	参考文献 Reference
毒力质粒 Virulence plasmid	spvR	激活毒力操纵子spvABCD的转录 Activate the transcription of the virulence operon spvABCD	[44]
	spvA	与细菌的多重耐药有关 Associated with multidrug resistance in bacteria	[45]
	spvB	干扰巨噬细胞铁代谢、促进沙门氏菌的存活和细胞内复制 Interfer with macrophage iron metabolism,and promote Salmonella survival and intracellular replication	[46]
	spvC	显著促进小鼠早期肠外传播 Significantly promote early parenteral transmission in mice	[47]
	spvD	负性调节NF-κB信号通路并促进鼠伤寒沙门氏菌血清型的毒力 Negatively regulate NF-κB signaling pathway and promote the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium serotypes	[48]
鞭毛 Flagella	fliC	编码沙门氏菌的抗原亚基鞭毛蛋白第一相 Encode the phase 1 flagellar antigens of Salmonella	[49]
	fljB	编码沙门氏菌的抗原亚基鞭毛蛋白第二相 Encode the phase 2 flagellar antigens of Salmonella	[49]
	flpA	编码沙门氏菌的抗原亚基鞭毛蛋白第三相 Encode the phase 3 flagellar antigens of Salmonella	[49]
菌毛 Pili	agf	编码卷曲型聚集性菌毛、促进细菌的黏附和入侵 Encode curly clustered pili,and promote bacterial adhesion and invasion	[50-51]
	bfp	编码Ⅳ型菌毛、促进感染早期在宿主上皮表面形成黏附菌落 Encode type Ⅳ pili,and promote the formation of adherent colonies on host epithelial surfaces early in infection	[52-53]
	pil	编码Ⅳ型菌毛 Encode type Ⅳ pili	[52]
	fim	影响宿主趋性 Impact host chemotaxis	[50]
肠毒素 Enterotoxin	stn	与细菌细胞膜的完整性相关 Associated with integrity of bacterial membrane membranes	[54]

报道年份 Reported Year	国家 Country	来源 Origin	毒力基因检出率 Detection rate of virulence gene	与毒力的关系 Relationship to virulence	参考文献 Reference
2021	中国-山东（n=60） Shandong Province,China	鸭胚 Duck embryo	毒力岛基因：invA、sipC、sipA、sopA、ssaB、orf319、pipC、misL均为100% 毒力质粒基因：spvA、spvB、spvC、spvD、spvR均>50% 菌毛基因：sefA（38%）肠毒素：stn为100%	与毒力基因的数量呈正相关 Positive correlation with the number of virulence genes	[61]
2021	伊朗（n=27） Iran	人 Human	毒力岛基因：invA、sipA、sopB、sopE2和hilA均为100%;sopE、ssrA和ssaR均>90% 肠毒素基因：stn>90%	与毒力基因呈正相关 Positive association with virulence genes	[62]
2020	中国-广西（n=55） Guangxi Province,China	鸡 Chicken	毒力岛基因：ttrB、hilA、sopB、sopA、rhuM、siiE、spi4H、sipA、sseL和sipB均>80.00%;pipC、ssaB、misL、prgk、rmbA、iacP、ssrA、mgtC、invH 和orf319为50.00%-80.00%;sugR、avrA、sopD和siiD为20.00%-50.00%;ssaQ和sifA为0.00-20.00% 毒力质粒基因：spvR、spvA、spvB、spvC、spvD均>60.00%	与毒力基因的数量呈正相关 Positive correlation with the number of virulence genes	[63]
2018	中国-四川（n=156） Sichuan Province,China	鸭 Duck	毒力岛基因：avr A、ssa Q和 mgt C均>90.0%;sii D和sop B均>80.0%;sop E 为0% 毒力质粒基因：spv R>80.0%;spv B 和 spv C 均>10% Virulence island genes：avr A,ssa Q and mgt C > 90.0%;sii D and sop B > 80.0%;sop E 0% Virulence plasmid genes：spv R > 80.0%;spv B and spv C > 10%;	与毒力基因呈正相关 Positive association with virulence genes	[64]
2016	英国（n=95） Britain	鸡 Chicken	105个毒力岛基因和毒力质粒基因中：40个为100%,2个为0%,63个为0-100%	与毒力基因的数量呈正相关 Positive correlation with the number of virulence genes	[65]
2014	中国-黑龙江（n=44） Heilongjiang Province,China	鸡 Chicken	毒力岛基因：sopA（95.5%）、invJ、virK、sipA、ssaB、misL、orf319和pipC为0% 毒力质粒基因：spvC（68.2%）菌毛基因：fimA（82%）肠毒素基因：stn（0%）	与毒力基因的种类呈正相关 Positive correlation with species of virulence genes	[66]
2013	中国-安徽（n=7） Anhui Province,China	鸡 Chicken	毒力岛基因：sscA、sseC、sseD和sseE为100%;sseC（51.14%）毒力质粒基因：spvA、spvB、spvC、spvD和spvR为14.29%	与毒力基因的分布存在相关性 Correlation with distribution of virulence genes	[67]
2013	中国-黑龙江（n=44） Heilongjiang Province,China	鸡 Chicken	毒力岛基因：invJ、virK、sipA、ssaB、misL、orf319、pipC为100%;sopA（95.5%）毒力质粒基因：spvC（68.2%）	与毒力基因呈正相关 Positive association with virulence genes	[68]