Characterization of a Quinoa Mutant Affecting Tyrosine Metabolism

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2024-0301

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Quinoa, known as the “golden grain” for its rich beneficial secondary metabolites and nutritional components for human benefit, is explored in this study through the analysis of a color mutant isolated from quinoa natural population. By examining the metabolic composition of this mutant, analyzing the changes and transformation routes between metabolic pathways, and constructing a basic model of metabolic changes in the mutant, this study is aimed to provide a material basis for further identification and cloning of key genetic loci affecting important metabolic pathways in quinoa.【Method】 Using forward genetics, a natural mutant exhibiting reduced red pigmentation and intensified green coloration（green quinoa 1, gq1）was screened from the progeny of the quinoa cultivar, ‘Red Quinoa 1’（RQ1）. This mutant was compared with its original parent, RQ1, to identify differential metabolic components in the young panicle of grain filling stage using untargeted metabolomics. KEGG metabolic pathway analysis and correlation analysis of differential metabolites were employed to reveal the overall differences in metabolic pathways and some key nutritional components in the mutant gq1.【Result】 Genetic analysis conducted over four successive generations indicates that the color variation in the gq1 mutant quinoa plants was stably inherited and was controlled by a single genetic locus. Compared to its original parent RQ1, 409 differential metabolites were detected in the quinoa gq1 mutant, with the concentration of 110 metabolites increased and that of 299 metabolites decreased. Metabolomics analysis revealed a comprehensive decrease in tyrosine and its derivative metabolites in the quinoa gq1 mutant, which are crucial for plant secondary metabolism. Moreover, a significant reduction was observed in various amino acids, including six essential amino acids for humans, and components of the TCA cycle in the gq1 mutant. 【Conclusion】 The enrichment analysis of these differential metabolites through KEGG metabolic pathways indicates that the gq1 gene mutation leads to a general reduction in both primary and secondary metabolic components centered around tyrosine. This suggests that the gene could serve as a key genetic locus for the synergistic optimization of primary and secondary metabolism in quinoa.

Key words: quinoa, mutant gql, metabolomics, tyrosine metabolism, amino acid content, primary metabolism, secondary metabolism

JIANG Yu-shan, LAN Qian, WANG Fang, JIANG Liang, PEI Cheng-cheng. Characterization of a Quinoa Mutant Affecting Tyrosine Metabolism[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2024, 40(10): 253-261.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1 Phenotypic comparison between ‘Red Quinoa 1’（RQ1）and its mutant（gq1）during different development stages A: 2-week-old seedling; B: side view of 2-week-old seedling; C: plants during the filling stage; D: young panicle of grain filling stage; E: seed. Scale bar: 1 cm for A, B, D, and E, respectively, and 10 cm for C

Table 1 Test of Chi-square on segregation rate of F2 population between gq1 and RQ1

杂交组合 Hybrid combination of F₂	总计 Total	红色单株个体数 Number of red individuals	绿色单株个体数 Number of green individuals	x²（3∶1）	P
RQ1/gq1	163	128	35	1.082	0.298

Fig. 2 Overview of differential metabolite analysis in gq1 vs RQ1 A: Score plots of the OPLS-DA model for gq1 vs RQ1. B: Heatmap of hierarchical clustering analysis for differential metabolites. C: Volcano plot of differential metabolites based on fold change

Fig. 3 Heatmap of KEGG classification for differential metabolites between RQ1 and gq1

Fig. 4 KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differential metabolites between RQ1 and gq1 A: KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of qg1 vs RQ1; B: KEGG category netplot of qg1 vs RQ1

Fig. 5 Variation of amino acid content in mutant gq1 A: Contents of 14 differentially expressed amino acids in gq1 and RQ1. B: An overview of metabolites and their expressions in tyrosine metabolism pathway. Arrows with dashed lines designate multiple enzymes steps. TAT: Tyrosine aminotransferase; TAL: tyrosine ammonia-lyase; TYDC: L-tyrosine decarboxylase; HPD: hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase; AOC3: primary-amine oxidase; AOX: aldehyde oxidase. Variables of significance（* P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001）

Fig. 6 Basic model of transition between metabolites and metabolic pathways in the gq1

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