Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of BGAL Gene Family in Actinidiachinensis var. Hongyang

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0816

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective This study is aimed to conduct a genome-wide identification and expression pattern analysis of the β-galactosidase gene family (AcBGALs) in ‘Hongyang’ kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. Hongyang), providing a theoretical basis for further elucidating the functions of this gene family. Method The AcBGAL genes wereidentified based on the whole-genome sequence of ‘Hongyang’ kiwifruit. Their physicochemical properties, chromosomal localizations, gene structures, phylogenetic relationships, and gene collinearity were analyzed using bioinformatics methods. Transcriptomic data and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) were combined to investigate the expression patterns of these genes in different tissues, various fruit developmental stages, postharvest softening, and hormone response processes. Result A total of 21 BGAL family members were identified in the ‘Hongyang’ kiwifruit genome, which belonged to six subfamilies and unevenly distributed across 14 chromosomes. Cis-acting element analysis revealed that the promoter regions of this gene family were enriched with elements related to growth/development and hormone response. Expression analysis showed that five of the six candidate genes (excluding AcBGAL3) were highly expressed in the fruit. Throughout fruit development, the expressions of AcBGAL2 and AcBGAL8 were significantly upregulated, whereas that of AcBGAL13 was downregulated, a trend consistent with transcriptomic analysis. During ripening and softening, five AcBGAL genes (excluding AcBGAL12) showed an upward trend in expression. Additionally, ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments downregulated the expressions of AcBGAL2, AcBGAL8 and AcBGAL12 in fruit. Treatment with forchlorfenuron (CPPU) and gibberellin (GA₃) downregulated the expressions of AcBGAL2 and AcBGAL12 but upregulated the expressions of AcBGAL3, AcBGAL10 and AcBGAL13 in the early stages of treatment. Conclusion A total of 21 AcBGAL genes were identified in the ‘Hongyang’ kiwifruit genome. Among them, six candidate genes showed expression patterns closely associated with fruit development and post-ripening softening, and were regulated by exogenous hormones (ET, ABA, CPPU, and GA₃). These findings provide a foundation for further functional characterization of AcBGAL genes.

Key words: Actinidia chinensis var. Hongyang, β-galactosidase (BGAL), genome-wide identification, bioinformatics, expression analysis, fruit growth and development, fruit ripening and softening, hormone treatment

LIU Lin-ya, LIU Huan-yan, LIANG Xin-yu, SONG Shu-yi, HE Bin, WANG Xu-ying, HUANG Ya-cheng. Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of BGAL Gene Family in Actinidiachinensis var. Hongyang[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(3): 312-323.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1 Primers for RT-qPCR

引物名称 Primer name	引物序列 Primer sequence （5′‒3′）
AcBGAL2-F/R	AGCTTGGCTGTGGTCTGC/GGTCCCCTCCGAGTTCCT
AcBGAL3-F/R	AGCACTGAGTCTTCATTCTCT/CTCCCCCTGGAGCATTGAAAA
AcBGAL8-F/R	TGGTCATGAGCCTTCTCCTGGA/GGGGCCAATTCGGAGATGAA
AcBGAL10-F/R	CGGAGGCTTAGATGTGATCG/TAAACCAGCTTCAGCGACCA
AcBGAL12-F/R	TACCTCCCTCGGAAGCAAC/CCATTGAACTTGACCGTAGC
AcBGAL13-F/R	ACGAAGCACTCCCGAAATGT/AGGGCTCATGCACATTCCAA
18S-F/R	GAATCATCAGAGCAACGGGC/TTTGATGGTATTTGCTACTCGGA
GAPDH-F/R	CGTCCTTCCCTCCCTCAAA/TCTTCTTGGTGACCTGGACGA

Fig. 1 Chromosomal localization (A) and covariance analysis (B) of AcBGALs genes

Fig. 2 Phylogenetic tree of BGAL homologous protein in A. chinensi (Ac), P. persica (Pp), M. domestica (Md)and A. thaliana (At)

Fig. 3 Analysis of conserved motifs and gene structure of AcBGALsA: Phylogenetic tree of AcBGALs. B: Conserved motifs of AcBGAL. C: Structure of AcBGAL gene

Fig. 5 Expression analysis of BGAL genes in fruits at different fruit developmental stages of A. chinensis var. HongyangDAP: Days after pollination

Fig. 6 Expressions of AcBGAL genes in different tissuesDifferent letters indicate significant difference at P<0.05 level. The same below

Fig. 7 Expressions of AcBGAL genes in fruit at different developmental stages (A) and storage days (B)

Fig. 8 Expressions of AcBGAL genes in different hormone treatments

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