Key Regulatory Genes and Molecular Networks Dissection Underlying Strawberry Fruit Quality Formation

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-1450

Abstract

Abstract:

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), one of the world’s most economically important berry crops, its fruit quality is determined jointly by multiple traits such as appearance, texture, flavor, and nutritional composition. Commercial value and industrial competitiveness are directly influenced by these traits. In order to overcome the limitations of traditional breeding, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying fruit quality formation have been systematically investigated, and this has been recognized as a foundational requirement for molecular design breeding. In this review, the genetic regulatory basis of key fruit quality traits, including color, firmness, size, sugar-acid balance, aroma compounds, and antioxidant constituents, has been comprehensively summarized. The central roles of transcription factors such as MYB, NAC, and WRKY in multi-level regulatory networks governing quality formation have been revealed. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that abscisic acid is utilized as a core hormone, while auxin and gibberellin are involved in synergistic or antagonistic interactions to regulate fruit ripening and quality metabolism at the molecular level. Environmental factors such as temperature and light have been shown to affect hormone signaling and transcriptional factor activity, and consequently, fruit quality formation has been modulated through these pathways. Current studies have been conducted based on diploid wild strawberries, whereas evident deficiencies have been identified in research concerning multiallelic interactions, complex regulatory networks, and genotype-environment interactions in octoploid cultivars. In future investigations, multi-omics technologies, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, and artificial intelligence-based predictive models are expected to be integrated so that allelic variation functions within key regulatory networks of cultivated strawberry can be deeply dissected. Practical molecular markers are anticipated to be developed, and intelligent design breeding systems are to be constructed, thereby enabling the targeted breeding of novel strawberry varieties that exhibit enhanced stress tolerance, high yield, simplified cultivation, superior quality, and seed propagation capacity to meet future industrial needs. A theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of strawberry quality has been provided by this review, and reference has also been offered for quality regulation research in other horticultural crops.

Key words: strawberry, fruit quality, transcriptional regulation, genetic variation, molecular mechanism, transcription factor, plant hormones, environmental factors

ZHAO Yan-xia, LI Qian, SUN Jia-bo, LIANG Hong-min, LI Bing-bing. Key Regulatory Genes and Molecular Networks Dissection Underlying Strawberry Fruit Quality Formation[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(3): 111-132.

Figures/Tables 3

Fig. 1 Transcriptional regulatory network underlying strawberry fruit quality formationDifferent colors of ellipses and line styles have specific meanings. Green indicates NAC family transcription factors, blue indicates MYB family transcription factors, orange indicates WRKY family transcription factors, and yellow indicates other transcription factors; solid arrows indicate the “promotion” effect, and a short horizontal line with a vertical line indicates the “inhibition” effect

Fig. 2 Hormonal regulatory network governing strawberry fruit growth and ripeningFigure A shows the dynamic changes of hormones during the development of strawberry fruits. Abscisic acid (ABA, red solid line): Its content surges sharply during the color-turning period, promoting ripening. Auxin (blue solid line): It accounts for a high proportion from the small green fruit stage to the large green fruit stage; inhibiting early ripening, promotes cell division. Gibberellins (GAs, green solid line): It synergizes with auxin to promote fruit enlargement and delay ripening. Ethylene (Eth, orange dashed line): It rises during the color-turning period, and cooperates with ABA to trigger ripening. Jasmonic acids (JAs, black dashed line): It maintains a low abundance and stability throughout the development process. Figure B shows the cross-interaction network between auxin and ABA. Auxin promotes the expressions of ABA synthesis genes (NCED1/5) and inhibits the activities of degradation genes (CYP707A) through ARF2/IAA, increasing the ABA level. After ABA binds to PYR/PYL receptors, it activates core kinases such as SnRK2.6, phosphorylates FaTCP7 to relieve its inhibition on sugar transporter genes FaSTP13 and FaSPT, and promotes sugar accumulation. It also initiates MYB10/bHLH3 cascade and binds to the promoter of the UFGT gene to promote anthocyanin accumulation

Fig. 3 Intelligent design breeding system model for strawberry

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