CYC类基因在被子植物花发育中的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.04.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要： CYCLOIDEA(CYC)类基因属于TCP基因家族成员，在花发育过程中具有重要作用。CYC类基因在被子植物进化过程中发生基因复制事件，形成CYC1、CYC2和CYC3三大分支，其中CYC2分支成员在花对称性形成方面具有主要调控作用。CYC1和CYC3分支成员开展研究较少。综述了国内外CYC类基因的研究现状及其存在问题，并对CYC类基因的研究前景做了展望。

关键词: CYC类基因, 花对称性, TCP基因家族, 进化

Abstract: CYCLOIDEA(CYC)-like genes are members of TCP family and play an important role during floral development. CYC-like genes underwent gene duplication deep within angiosperm phylogeny, they diversified into three major clades, CYC1, CYC2, CYC3, and CYC2 clade genes are main regulators in floral symmetry. But the studies on CYC1 and CYC3 are limited. In this paper, recent insights into CYC-like genes and the prospective of the study on CYC genes were reviewed.

Key words: CYC gene, floral symmetry, TCP gene family, evolution

徐蕴如, 李玥莹, 逄洪波, 张雨欣, 刘羽莲. CYC类基因在被子植物花发育中的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2015, 31(3): 10-16.

Xu Yunru, Li Yueying, Pang Hongbo, Zhang Yuxin, Liu Yulian. Progress on Study of CYC-like Genes During the Floral Development of Angiosperm[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2015, 31(3): 10-16.

参考文献

[1] Zhao D, Yu Q, Chen C, et al. Genetic control of reproductive meristems[M]// McManus MT, Veit B, eds. Meristematic tissues in plant growth and development. Sheffield：Sheffield Academic Press, 2001：89-142.
[2] Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Albert VA, et al. Missing links：the genetic architecture of flowers and floral diversification[J]. Trends Plant Sci, 2002, 7(1)：22-31.
[3] Kaufmann K, Melzer S, Theissen G. MIKC-type MADS-domain proteins：Structural modularity, protein interactions and network evolution in land plants[J]. Gene, 2005, 347(2)：183-198.
[4] Doebley J. Genetics, development and plant evolution[J]. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 1993, 3(6)：865-872.
[5] Doebley J, Lukens L. Transcriptional regulators and the evolution of plant form[J]. Plant Cell, 1998, 10(7)：1075-1082.
[6] Luo D, Carpenter R, Vincent C, et al. Origin of floral asymmetry in Antirrhinum[J]. Nature, 1996, 383(6603)：794-799.
[7] Luo D, Carpenter R, Copsey L, et al. Control of organ asymmetry in flowers of Antirrhinum[J]. Cell, 1999, 99(4)：367-376.
[8] Cubas P, Lauter N, Doebley J, et al. The TCP domain：a motif found in proteins regulating plant growth and development[J]. Plant J, 1999, 18(2)：215-222.
[9] Feng XZ, Zhao Z, Tian ZX, et al. Control of petal shape and floral zygomorphy in Lotus japonicas[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2006, 103(13)：4970-4975.
[10] Busch A, Zachgo S. Flower symmetry evolution：towards understanding the abominable mystery of angiosperm radiation[J]. Bioessays, 2009, 31(11)：1181-1190.
[11] Hileman LC, Cubas P. An expanded evolutionary role for flower symmetry genes[J]. J Biol, 2009, 8(10)：90.
[12] Preston JC, Hileman LC. Developmental genetics of floral symmetry evolution[J]. Trends Plant Sci, 2009, 14(3)：147-154.
[13] Doebley J, Stec A, Hubbard L. The evolution of apical dominance in maize[J]. Nature, 1997, 386(6624)：485-488.
[14] Kosugi S, Ohanshi Y. PCF1 and PCF2 specifically bind to cis elements in the rice PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN gene[J]. Plant Cell, 1997, 9(9)：1607-1619.
[15] Cubas P. Floral zygomorphy, the recurring evolution of successful trait[J]. Bioessays, 2004, 26(11)：1175-1184.
[16] Martin-Trillo M, Cubas P. TCP genes：a family snapshot ten years later[J]. Trends Plant Sci, 2009, 15：31-39.
[17] Cubas P. Role of TCP genes in the evolution of morphological characters in angiosperms[M]//Hawkins JA, Cronk QCB, Bateman RM, eds. Developmental genetics and plant evolution. London, Taylor and Francis：CRC Press, 2002：247-266.
[18] Howarth DG, Donoghue MJ. Duplication in CYC-like genes from dipsacales correlates with floral form[J]. Int J Plant Sci, 2005, 166(3)：357-370.
[19] Howarth DG and Donoghue MJ. Phylogenetic analysis of the “ECE”(CYC/TB1)clade reveals duplications predating the core eudicots[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2006, 103(24)：9101-9106.
[20] Lynch M, Conery JS. The evolutionary fate and consequences of duplicate genes[J]. Science, 2000, 290(5494)：1151-1155.
[21] Navaud O, Dabos P, Carnus E, et al. TCP transcription factors predate the emergence of land plants[J]. J Mol Evol, 2007, 65(1)：23-33.
[22] Ohta T. Time for acquiring a new gene by duplication[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1988, 85(10)：3509-3512.
[23] Lynch M, Force A. The probability of duplicate gene preservation by subfunctionalization[J]. Genetics, 2000, 154(1)：459-473.
[24] Vandenbussche M, Theissen G, Van de Peer Y, et al. Structural diversification and neo-functionalization during floral MADS-box gene evolution by C-terminal frameshift mutations[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2003, 31(15)：4401-4409.
[25] Taylor JS, Raes J. Duplication and divergence：the evolution of new genes and old ideas[J]. Annu Rev Genet, 2004, 38：615-643.
[26] Vandenbussche M, Zethof J, Royaert S, et al. The duplicated B-class heterodimer model：whorl-specific effects and complex genetic interations in Petunia hybrid flower development[J]. Plant Cell, 2004, 16(3)：741-754.
[27] Moore RC, Purugganan MD. The evolutionary dynamics of plant duplicate genes[J]. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2005, 8(2)：122-128.
[28] Carlson SE, Howarth DG, Donoghue MJ. Diversification of CYCLOIDEA-like genes in Dipsacaceae(Dipsacales)：implications for the evolution of capitulum inflorescences[J]. BMC Evol Biol, 2011, 11：325.
[29] Howarth DG, Martins T, Chimney E, et al. Diversification of CYCLOIDEA expression in the evolution of bilateral flower symmetry in Caprifoliaceae and Lonicera(Dipsacales)[J]. Ann Bot London, 2011, 107(9)：1521-1532.
[30] Mondragon-Palomino M, Trontin C. High time for a roll call：gene duplication and phylogenetic relationships of TCP-like genes in monocots[J]. Ann Bot London, 2011, 107(9)：1533-1544.
[31] T?htiharju S, Rijpkema AS, Vetterli A, et al. Evolution and diversification of the CYC/TB1 gene family in Asteraceae—a comparative study in gerbera(Mutisieae)and sunflower(Heliantheae)[J]. Mol Biol Evol, 2012, 29(4)：1155-1166.
[32] Citerne H, Le Guilloux M, Sannier J, et al. Combining phylogenetic and syntenic analyses for understanding the evolution of TCP ECE genes in eudicots[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(9)：e74803.
[33] Florian J, Guillaume C, Martine LG, et al. Specific duplication and dorsoventrally asymmetric expression patterns of cycloidea-like genes in zygomorphic species of ranunculaceae[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(4)：e95727.
[34] Endress PK. Evolution of floral symmetry[J]. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2001, 4(1)：86-91.
[35] Endress PK. The immense diversity of floral monosymmetry and asymmetry across angiosperms[J]. Botan Rev, 2012, 78：345-397.
[36] Citerne H, Jabbour F, Nadot S, et al. The evolution of floral symm-etry[M]// Kader JC, Delseny M, eds. Advances in Botanical Res-earch. United States：Academic Press Inc, 2010, 54：85-137.
[37] Green AA, Kennaway R, Hanna AI, et al. Genetic control of organ shape and tissue polarity[J]. PLoS Biol, 2010, 8(11)：e1000537.
[38] Cui ML, Copsey L, Green AA et al. Quantitative control of organ shape by combinatorial gene activity[J]. PLoS Biol, 2010, 8(11)：e1000538.
[39] Broholm SK, Tahtiharju S, Laitinen RA, et al. A TCP domain transcription factor controls flower type specification along the radial axis of the Gerbera(Asteraceae)inflorescence[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2008, 105(26)：9117-9122.
[40] Chapman MA, Leebens-Mack JH, Burke JM. Positive selection and expression divergence following gene duplication in the sunflower CYCLOIDEA gene family[J]. Mol Biol Evol, 2008, 25(7)：1260-1273.
[41] Kim M, Cui ML, Cubas P, et al. Regulatory genes control a key morphological and ecological trait transferred between species[J]. Science, 2008, 322(5904)：1116-1119.
[42] Chapman MA, Tang SX, Draeger D, et al. Genetic analysis of floral symmetry in Van Gogh’s sunflowers reveals independent recruitment of CYCLOIDEA genes in the Asteraceae[J]. PLoS Genet, 2012, 8(3)：e1002628.
[43] Zhou XR, Wang YZ, Smith JF, et al. Altered expression patterns of TCP and MYB genes relating to the floral developmental transition from initial zygomorphy to actinomorphy in Bournea(Gesneriaceae)[J]. New Phytol, 2008, 178(3)：532-543.
[44] Gao Q, Tao JH, Yan D et al. Expression differentiation of CYC-like floral symmetry genes correlated with their protein sequence divergence in Chirita heterotricha(Gesneriaceae)[J]. Dev Genes Evol, 2008, 218(7)：341-351.
[45] Du ZY, Wang YZ. Significance of RT-PCR expression patterns of CYC-like genes in Oreocharis benthamii(Gesneriaceae)[J]. J S E, 2008, 46(1)：23-31.
[46] Song CF, Lin QB, Liang RH, et al. Expressions of ECE-CYC2 clade genes relating to abortion of both dorsal and ventral stamens in Opithandra(Gesneriaceae)[J]. BMC Evol Biol, 2009, 9：244.
[47] Pang HB, Sun QW, He SZ, et al. Expression pattern of CYC-like genes relating to a dorsalized actinomorphic flower in Tengia(Gesneriaceae)[J]. J S E, 2010, 48(5)：309-317.
[48] Yang X, Pang HB, Liu BL, et al. Evolution of double positive autoregulatory feedback loops in CYCLOIDEA2 clade genes is associated with the origin of floral zygomorphy[J]. Plant Cell, 2012, 24(5)：1834-1847.
[49] Citerne HL, Luo D, Pennington RT, et al. A phylogenomic investig-ation of CYCLOIDEA-like TCP genes in the Leguminosae[J]. Plant Physiol, 2003, 131(3)：1042-1053.
[50] Wang Z, Luo YH, Li X, et al . Genetic control of floral zygomorphy in pea(Pisum sativum L. )[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2008, 105(30)：10414-10419.
[51] Xu SL, Luo YH, Cai ZG, et al. Functional diversity of CYCLOID-EA-like TCP genes in the control of zygomorphic flower develo-pment in Lotus japonicus[J]. J Interg Plant Biol, 2013, 55(3)：221-231.
[52] K?lsch A, Gleissberg S. Diversification of CYCLOIDEA-like TCP genes in the basal eudicot families Fumariaceae and Papaveraceae s. str[J]. Plant Biol, 2006, 8(5)：680-687.
[53] Damerval C, Guilloux ML, Jager M, et al. Diversity and evolution of CYCLOIDEA-Like TCP genes in relation to flower development in Papaveraceae[J]. Plant Physiol, 2007, 143(2)：759-772.
[54] Damerval C, Citerne H, Le Guilloux M, et al. Asymetric morphogenetic cues along the transverse plane：shift from dissymmetry to zygomorphy in the flower of Fumarioideae[J]. Am J Bot, 2013, 100(2)：391-402.
[55] Busch A, Zachgo S. Control of corolla monosymmetry in the Brassicaceae Iberis amara[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2007, 104(42)：16714-16719.
[56] Busch A, Horn S, Muhlhausen A, et al. Corolla monosymmetry：evolution of a morphological novelty in the Brassicaceae family[J]. Mol Biol Evol, 2012, 29(4)：1241-1254.
[57] Zhang WH, Kramer EM, Davis CC. Floral symmetry genes and the origin and maintenance of zygomorphy in a plant-pollinator mutualism[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107(14)：6388-6393.
[58] Zhang WH, Kramer EM, Davis CC. Similar genetic mechanisms underlie the parallel evolution of floral phenoltypes[J]. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(4)：e36033.
[59] Zhang WH, Steinmann VW, Nikolov L. et al. Divergent genetic mechanisms underlie reversals to radial floral symmetry from diverse zygomorphic flowered ancestors[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2013, 4(302)：1-12.
[60] Yuan Z, Gao S, Xue DW. RETARDED PALEA1 controls palea development and floral zygomorphy in rice[J]. Plant Physiol, 2009, 149(1)：235-244.
[61] Bartlett ME, Specht CD. Changes in expression pattern of the teosinte branched1-like genes in the Zingiberales provide a mechanism for evolutionary shifts in symmetry across the order[J]. Am J Bot, 2011, 98(2)：227-243.
[62] Preston JC, Hileman LC. Parallel evolution of TCP and B-class genes in Commelinaceae flower bilateral symmetry[J]. EvoDevo, 2012, 3：6.
[63] Mondragon-Palomino M, Theissen G. Why are orchid flowers so diverse? reduction of evolutionary constraints by paralogues of class B floral homeotic genes[J]. Ann Bot, 2009, 104(3)：583-594.
[64] Hileman LC. Bilateral flower symmetry-how, when and why?[J]. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2014, 17：146-152.
[65] Costa MMR, Fox S, Hanna AI, et al. Evolution of regulatory interactions controlling floral asymmetry[J]. Development, 2005, 132(22)：5093-5101.
[66] Citerne HL, Pennington RT, Cronk QC. An apparent reversal in floral symmetry in the Legume Cadia is a homeotic transformation[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2006, 103(32)：12017-12020.
[67] Cubas P, Vincent C, Coen E. An epigennetic mutation responsible for natural variation in floral symmetry[J]. Nature, 1999, 401(6749)：157-161.
[68] Cubas P, Coen E, Zapater JM. Ancient asymmetries in the evolution of flowers[J]. Curr Biol, 2001, 11(13)：1050-1052.
[69] Koyama T, Sato F, Ohme-Takagi M. A role of TCP1 in the longitudinal elongation of leaves in Arabidopsis[J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2010, 74(10)：2145-2147.
[70] Guo Z, Fujioka S, Blancaflor EB, et al. TCP1 modulates brassinosteroid biosynthesis by regulating the expression of the key biosynthetic gene DWARF4 in Arabidopsis thaliana[J]. Plant Cell, 2010, 22(4)：1161-1173.
[71] Aguilar-Martínez JA, Poza-Carrión C, Cubas P. Arabidopsis BRANCHED1 acts as an integrator of branching signals within axillary buds[J]. Plant Cell, 2007, 19：458-472.
[72] 李家洋. 植物花对称性发育研究的进展：从理论到应用的双重价值[J]. 分子植物育种, 2006, 4(6)：751-752.
[73] Carroll SB, Prud’Homme B, Gompel N. Regulating evolution[J]. Scientific American, 2008, 298(5)：60-67.
[74] Carroll SB. Endless forms：the evolution of gene regulation and morphological diversity[J]. Cell, 2000, 101(6)：577-580.