鱼类低温耐受机制与功能基因研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0098

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 不同鱼类适应环境温度的能力不同,这是经过长期适应和进化的结果,是遗传信息特异性表达的具化表现,也是鱼类自身生理生化性能差异的反映。当前,对低温下鱼类的生理反应已经有深入研究,同时,对鱼类适应低温环境和耐受低温胁迫的分子生物学机制的研究方兴未艾,引起研究人员的广泛兴趣。高通量测序技术成本的降低和生物信息学技术的应用,允许研究者利用组学方法研究低温胁迫下鱼类的代谢途径和分子信号通路,在生物整体水平上分析鱼类响应低温胁迫的分子机制,挖掘低温耐受功能基因。研究发现,极地鱼类在长期适应环境的过程中,基因组不断进化,通过功能基因的获得、缺失和大规模扩增,适应长期低温环境;在转录调控水平上,低温胁迫下鱼类转录表达谱既表现出多细胞动物的保守性,同时又具有明显的物种特异性和组织特异性。抗冻（糖）蛋白、分子伴侣、代谢酶类和膜通道蛋白等都参与鱼类响应低温胁迫的过程。但是,不同种类蛋白质的编码基因结构与表达、功能与应用研究不尽相同。从进化、遗传表达和表观遗传学角度分别综述鱼类低温耐受的分子机制,总结鱼类低温耐受相关功能基因,预测鱼类低温耐受机制和应用研究热点,旨在为本领域研究人员提供思路。

关键词: 鱼类, 低温胁迫, 遗传进化, 转录组学, 低温耐受基因

Abstract: The ability of fish to adapt to ambient temperature varies broadly,as a result of long-drawn adaptation to habitat environment and evolution. The suffertibility of different fish species to cold stress is the manifestation of the specific expression of genetic information,as well as the reflection of differences in physiological and biochemical performance. Currently,fish physiology responses under low temperature have been in-depth researched while the underlying molecular mechanisms attract increasing interest. The low cost and extensive application of high-throughput sequencing technologies together with bioinformatics analysis allow researchers using omics method to study the metabolic and molecular signaling pathways of the fish under cold stress. The biological molecular mechanisms and related functional genes of fish to cold stress are thus enabled to be further explored. Recent studies prove that many polar fishes have evolved with functional genes gain,loss and large-scale amplification during the long-term adaption to low temperature. The transcription and regulation patterns in fish are conservative to a certain extent while possess obvious specificity in species and tissues under cold stress. Some proteins including antifreeze（glycoprotein）protein,chaperone,metabolic enzyme and transmembrane channel protein are involved in cold-responsive process in fish. However,the corresponding genes characterization and function research remain jagged. This review summarized the molecular mechanisms of fish adaption and tolerance to low temperature from the perspectives of evolution,the genetic expression and epigenetics. Then,cold tolerance related genes were classified and introduced according to their molecular function. Last but not least,we predicted potential research focus in mechanisms,gene mining and application of fish under cold stress,hoping to provide background and reference for researchers and those interested in the field.

Key words: fish, cold stress, genetic evolution, transcriptomics, cold-tolerant genes

刘丽丽, 朱华, 闫艳春, 王晓雯, 张蓉, 朱建亚. 鱼类低温耐受机制与功能基因研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2018, 34(8): 50-57.

LIU Li-li, ZHU Hua, YAN Yan-chun, WANG Xiao-wen, ZHANG Rong, ZHU Jian-ya. Research Progress of Cold Tolerance Mechanism and Functional Genes in Fish[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2018, 34(8): 50-57.

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