棉花野生种质资源的育种应用研究与前景

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2024-0890

生物技术通报 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (4): 21-32.doi: 10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2024-0890

棉花野生种质资源的育种应用研究与前景

牛若宇¹^,²^,³(), 高瞻¹^,², 熊显鹏¹, 祝德¹, 罗皓天¹^,³, 马学远¹, 胡冠菁¹^,³()

^1.中国农业科学院深圳农业基因组研究所（岭南现代农业科学与技术广东省实验室深圳分中心），深圳 518120
^2.华中农业大学植物科学技术学院，武汉 430070
^3.中国农业科学院棉花研究所棉花生物育种与综合利用全国重点实验室农业农村部棉花生物学与遗传育种重点实验室，安阳 455000

收稿日期:2024-09-13 出版日期:2025-04-26 发布日期:2025-04-25
通讯作者: 胡冠菁，女，博士，研究员，研究方向：棉花进化遗传与育种；E-mail: huguanjing@caas.cn
作者简介:牛若宇，男，博士研究生，研究方向：作物遗传育种；E-mail: niuruoyu@caas.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目(32072111);中国农业科学院科技创新工程(CAAS-CSIAF-202402)

Breeding Applications and Prospects of Wild Cotton Germplasm Resources

NIU Ruo-yu¹^,²^,³(), GAO Zhan¹^,², XIONG Xian-peng¹, ZHU De¹, LUO Hao-tian¹^,³, MA Xue-yuan¹, HU Guan-jing¹^,³()

^1.Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120
^2.College of Plant Science ＆ Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070
^3.Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anyang 455000

Received:2024-09-13 Published:2025-04-26 Online:2025-04-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

驯化和长期育种导致的遗传瓶颈效应显著降低了栽培棉花的遗传多样性，限制了其新品种开发和适应未来挑战的潜力。野生种质资源则作为重要的基因库，为改良栽培棉提供了丰富的遗传多样性。本文系统综述了棉花野生种质资源在遗传多样性研究、优异耐逆资源挖掘、控制复杂农艺性状的异源四倍体重复基因挖掘，以及杂交育种材料创制中的最新进展与挑战，并靶定了4个亟待解决的关键科学问题，作为推动野生棉资源高效利用和育种创新的重要方向。未来研究将进一步利用野生种质资源的优异基因，联合基因组学、转录组学、表观组学等多组学技术，揭示关键功能基因及其调控机制，破解光周期敏感性机制，并结合基因编辑技术，推动优异基因向栽培种快速导入，实现棉花育种的创新发展。

关键词: 棉花, 野生近缘种, 耐盐碱, 种质资源挖掘, 重复基因调控, 光周期敏感性, 多倍体

Abstract:

Domestication and long-term breeding have led to the genetic bottleneck effect that significantly reduces the genetic diversity of cultivated cotton, limiting its potential for the development of new varieties and its ability to adapt to future challenges. Wild germplasm resources, however, serving as an important gene pool, may provide abundant genetic diversity for cultivated cotton improvement. This review systematically summarizes the latest advances and challenges in the study of cotton wild germplasm resources, including genetic diversity research, the identification of superior stress-resistant resources, the exploration of homoeologous tetraploid repeat genes controlling complex agronomic traits, and the creation of hybrid breeding materials. It also identifies four critical scientific issues that need to be addressed to promote the efficient utilization and breeding innovation of wild cotton resources. Future research will further leverage the superior genes of wild germplasm, combining genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, and other multi-omics technologies to identify key functional genes and their regulatory mechanisms, decipher the mechanisms of photoperiod sensitivity, and, in conjunction with gene editing technologies, accelerate the transfer of superior genes into cultivated species, thereby driving innovation and development in cotton breeding.

Key words: cotton, wild relatives, tolerance to salt-alkaline, germplasm exploration, duplicated gene regulation, photoperiod sensitivity, polyploid

牛若宇, 高瞻, 熊显鹏, 祝德, 罗皓天, 马学远, 胡冠菁. 棉花野生种质资源的育种应用研究与前景[J]. 生物技术通报, 2025, 41(4): 21-32.

NIU Ruo-yu, GAO Zhan, XIONG Xian-peng, ZHU De, LUO Hao-tian, MA Xue-yuan, HU Guan-jing. Breeding Applications and Prospects of Wild Cotton Germplasm Resources[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(4): 21-32.

图/表 3

图1 棉属物种已发表基因组21个二倍体和7个四倍体物种的参考基因组版本与发布时间，依据CottonGen数据库［19，21］

Fig. 1 Published genomes of Gossypium speciesThe reference genome version ID and release time of 21 diploid and 7 tetraploid species were labeled according to CottonGen[19,21]

表1 陆地棉与野生棉种远缘杂交耐逆性状研究

Table 1 Study on the stress resistance traits of intergeneric hybridization between G. hirsutum L.and wild cotton species

杂交组合

Cross combination

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棉花野生种质资源的育种应用研究与前景

Breeding Applications and Prospects of Wild Cotton Germplasm Resources

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