植物提取物抗牛病毒性腹泻病毒的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0523

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

牛病毒性腹泻病毒（bovine viral diarrhea virus, BVDV）是引发牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病（bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease, BVD-MD）的主要病原体，其临床表现包括高热、口腔及消化道黏膜糜烂坏死、腹泻、妊娠奶牛流产、胎儿畸形、血小板及白细胞减少、犊牛免疫抑制等症状，这些病征不仅损害牛群健康，还可导致严重的经济损失，严重制约了养牛业的绿色健康发展。目前，主要的防控手段有疫苗接种和种群净化，但疫苗的保护效力受限，种群净化操作复杂且成本较高，在实际生产过程中难以实现。因此，开发安全高效的抗病毒药物作为补充策略十分必要。然而，至今尚无针对BVDV的特效治疗药物问世，显著制约了生产防控的成效。近年来，随着抗病毒药物研究的深入，天然植物提取物因其广泛存在于自然界、具有安全、高效及多靶点作用等优势，已成为抗病毒药物开发的重要潜力来源。本文系统综述了近年来抗BVDV植物提取物的研究进展，重点分析其作用靶点及机制，总结其通过中和病毒、抑制病毒复制、调节宿主免疫反应及缓解氧化应激等途径发挥抗BVDV活性的研究成果。这些研究成果为植物提取物进一步开发成为抗BVDV药物奠定了坚实的科学基础，充分地展示了其在抗病毒领域的独特优势。同时，本文还对天然植物提取物在抗BVDV药物研发中的应用前景进行了展望，并提出了相关研究建议。

关键词: 牛病毒性腹泻病毒, 植物提取物, 作用靶点, 体外试验, 抗病毒活性

Abstract:

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is the primary etiological agent of Bovine Viral Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease (BVD-MD), causing clinical manifestations such as fever, erosive and necrotic lesions of the oral and gastrointestinal mucosa, diarrhea, abortion in pregnant cows, fetal malformations, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and immunosuppression in calves. These symptoms impair herd health and cause significant economic losses, hindering the healthy and sustainable development of the cattle industry. Currently, vaccination and herd purification are the primary control measures; however, the limited protective efficacy of vaccines and the complexity and high cost of herd eradication programs pose significant challenges for implementation. Consequently, the development of safe and effective antiviral drugs as a complementary strategy is essential. However, no specific anti-BVDV therapeutics are available, significantly impeding disease control in production settings. In recent years, with advances in antiviral drug research, natural plant extracts have emerged as a promising resource for antiviral drug development due to their widespread availability, safety, efficacy, and multifaceted mechanisms. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in anti-BVDV plant extracts, focusing on their molecular targets and mechanisms, particularly their ability to exert antiviral effects through viral neutralization, suppression of viral replication, modulation of host immune responses, and alleviation of oxidative stress. These findings provide a robust scientific foundation for developing natural plant extracts as anti-BVDV therapeutics, highlighting their unique advantages in antiviral applications, and offer prospects and recommendations for future research.

Key words: bovine viral diarrhea virus, plant extracts, molecular target, in vitro studies, antiviral activity

高峥, 尹柳祎, 孟令品, 王晓慧, 孙佳欣, 宋扬, 温树波. 植物提取物抗牛病毒性腹泻病毒的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2026, 42(1): 31-41.

GAO Zheng, YIN Liu-yi, MENG Ling-pin, WANG Xiao-hui, SUN Jia-xin, SONG Yang, WEN Shu-bo. Research Advances in Plant Extracts with Antiviral Activity against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(1): 31-41.

图/表 3

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类别 Category	提取物 Extract	来源 Source	作用靶点 Main target	作用阶段 Stage of action	抗病毒机制 Antiviral mechanism	参考文献 Reference
植物凝集素	香蕉凝集素	成熟香蕉果肉	包膜糖蛋白	感染前；感染后；中和病毒	结合糖蛋白阻止附着	［50］
萜类植物提取物	樟脑/1，8-桉树脑	罗勒	病毒包膜脂质	中和病毒	破坏包膜	［52］
	α-葎草烯	鼠尾草	-	可能为复制阶段	剂量依赖性降低病毒滴度	［53］
	青蒿素	菊科植物	非结构蛋白5B NS5B	复制阶段	抑制NS5B	［54］
酚类植物提取物	姜黄素	姜黄	非结构蛋白5B NS5B	全周期	抑制NS5B	［54］
	黄腐酚	啤酒花	-	病毒感染中期	抑制RNA合成；减少E2表达；抑制CPE	［56］
	连翘酯苷A	连翘	NLRP3， TLR3/7， IRF3/7， IFN-α/β， JAK1， STAT1， p65， SOCS1， CD3⁺CD4⁺/CD3⁺CD8⁺T细胞， IFN-γ， IL-2	复制阶段	抑制BVDV复制；降低E2蛋白/mRNA；抑制NLRP3炎症体；增强IFN-I；下调TLR3/7、IRF3/7等；抑制IRF7核转位；促进CD4+/CD8+T细胞活化；增加IFN-γ/IL-2	［57-58］
黄酮类植物提取物	大豆苷元	大豆	-	附着阶段	阻断附着	［54］
	芹菜素	多种植物	-	附着；复制	阻断附着	［54］
	槲皮素	多种植物	Hsp70， ERK， IL-2， IFN-γ， Nrf2， HO-1， NQO1， ROS， MDA	附着；复制	抑制Hsp70：阻断RNA复制；抗氧化：降低ROS/MDA；抑制ERK磷酸化；免疫调节：上调IFN-γ/IL-2	［61］
生物碱类植物提取物	苦参碱	苦参	RIG-I， TLR3	附着；复制；杀灭病毒	灭活病毒；抑制吸附/复制	［62］
	苦马豆素	径直黄芪	-	复制阶段；灭活游离病毒	抑制病毒复制；直接灭活病毒	［65］
	淫羊藿苷	淫羊藿	RIG-I， TLR3	附着；复制；杀灭病毒	灭活病毒；抑制吸附/复制	［62］
	盐酸小檗胺	小檗属	LC3， ATG5， SQSTM1/p62， LAMP1	吸附/复制/释放	抑制E2/mRNA积累；抑制BVDV诱导自噬体-溶酶体融合	［68］
皂苷类植物提取物	人参皂苷	人参	Rb2： Viral IRES， Rb3： -	翻译；复制	抑制IRES介导翻译；抑制RNA复制	［70］
皂苷类植物提取物	绞股蓝皂苷	绞股蓝	Claudin-1， Occludin， Caspase-3， Bcl-2	附着；内化；释放	降低Claudin-1/Occludin；阻断附着/内化；减少E2表达；激活凋亡：上调Caspase-3，下调Bcl-2	［71］

类别 Category	提取物 Extract	来源 Source	作用靶点 Main target	作用阶段 Stage of action	抗病毒机制 Antiviral mechanism	参考文献 Reference
植物凝集素	香蕉凝集素	成熟香蕉果肉	包膜糖蛋白	感染前；感染后；中和病毒	结合糖蛋白阻止附着	［50］
萜类植物提取物	樟脑/1，8-桉树脑	罗勒	病毒包膜脂质	中和病毒	破坏包膜	［52］
	α-葎草烯	鼠尾草	-	可能为复制阶段	剂量依赖性降低病毒滴度	［53］
	青蒿素	菊科植物	非结构蛋白5B NS5B	复制阶段	抑制NS5B	［54］
酚类植物提取物	姜黄素	姜黄	非结构蛋白5B NS5B	全周期	抑制NS5B	［54］
	黄腐酚	啤酒花	-	病毒感染中期	抑制RNA合成；减少E2表达；抑制CPE	［56］
	连翘酯苷A	连翘	NLRP3， TLR3/7， IRF3/7， IFN-α/β， JAK1， STAT1， p65， SOCS1， CD3⁺CD4⁺/CD3⁺CD8⁺T细胞， IFN-γ， IL-2	复制阶段	抑制BVDV复制；降低E2蛋白/mRNA；抑制NLRP3炎症体；增强IFN-I；下调TLR3/7、IRF3/7等；抑制IRF7核转位；促进CD4+/CD8+T细胞活化；增加IFN-γ/IL-2	［57-58］
黄酮类植物提取物	大豆苷元	大豆	-	附着阶段	阻断附着	［54］
	芹菜素	多种植物	-	附着；复制	阻断附着	［54］
	槲皮素	多种植物	Hsp70， ERK， IL-2， IFN-γ， Nrf2， HO-1， NQO1， ROS， MDA	附着；复制	抑制Hsp70：阻断RNA复制；抗氧化：降低ROS/MDA；抑制ERK磷酸化；免疫调节：上调IFN-γ/IL-2	［61］
生物碱类植物提取物	苦参碱	苦参	RIG-I， TLR3	附着；复制；杀灭病毒	灭活病毒；抑制吸附/复制	［62］
	苦马豆素	径直黄芪	-	复制阶段；灭活游离病毒	抑制病毒复制；直接灭活病毒	［65］
	淫羊藿苷	淫羊藿	RIG-I， TLR3	附着；复制；杀灭病毒	灭活病毒；抑制吸附/复制	［62］
	盐酸小檗胺	小檗属	LC3， ATG5， SQSTM1/p62， LAMP1	吸附/复制/释放	抑制E2/mRNA积累；抑制BVDV诱导自噬体-溶酶体融合	［68］
皂苷类植物提取物	人参皂苷	人参	Rb2： Viral IRES， Rb3： -	翻译；复制	抑制IRES介导翻译；抑制RNA复制	［70］
皂苷类植物提取物	绞股蓝皂苷	绞股蓝	Claudin-1， Occludin， Caspase-3， Bcl-2	附着；内化；释放	降低Claudin-1/Occludin；阻断附着/内化；减少E2表达；激活凋亡：上调Caspase-3，下调Bcl-2	［71］