玉米小曲酒糟发酵饲料对育肥猪肠道菌群的影响

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2022-0273

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旨在研究玉米小曲酒糟全价发酵饲料对育肥猪肠道菌群的影响。以常规饲料为对照,比较发酵饲料对育肥猪增重,以及肠道菌群多样性、种属构成及功能的影响。饲喂47 d后,发酵饲料对育肥猪增重及猪肉水分含量、肌内脂肪、pH无显著影响（P >0.05）。从育肥猪肠道菌群看,小肠中的伯克氏菌属（Burkholderia）在群体中的丰度从2.6%增加至50.0%,罗尔斯通氏菌属（Ralstonia）、草螺菌属（Herbaspirillum）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、链球菌属（Streptococcus）的丰度等也有明显增加,而布劳特氏菌属（Blautia）、双歧杆菌属（Bifidobacterium）、嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter）、芽殖菌属（Gemmiger）、梭菌属（Clostridium）、巨型球菌属（Macrococcus）丰度明显下降。KEGG分析发现,发酵饲料对育肥猪肠道菌群生态系统功能的影响主要在于物质代谢的相对增强及细菌增殖的相对减少,促进小肠内物质转化。本研究为玉米小曲酒糟全价发酵饲料的在生猪养殖中的推广应用提供了科学依据。

关键词: 玉米小曲酒糟, 发酵饲料, 育肥猪, 肠道菌群

Abstract:

The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of fermented corn Xiaoqu distiller's grains feed on the intestinal microbiota of growing-finishing pigs. The fermented feed group and the control group fed a basal diet were compared on bodyweight gain and intestinal bacterial diversity and functions of growing-finishing pigs. After 47 d of feeding,no significant effects were found on bodyweight gain in growing-finishing pigs,and on meat moisture,intramuscular fat,and pH in pork（P>0.05）. The abundance of Burkholderia increased from 2.6% to 50.0% in small intestine bacteria community,as well as the abundance of Ralstonia,Herbaspirillum,Lactobacillus and Streptococcus significantly increased,while the abundance of unspecified blautia,bifidobacterial,Psychrobacter,Gemmiger,Clostridium and Macrococcus significantly decreased. KEGG analysis showed that the effect of fermented feed on the intestinal bacteria function was mainly in the relative enhancement of metabolism and the relative restriction of bacterial growth,suggesting it promote the transformation of substances in small intestine. This study provides a scientific basis for the application of fermented corn Xiaoqu distiller's grains feed in the breeding of growing-finishing pigs.

Key words: corn Xiaoqu distiller's grains, fermented feed, growing-finishing pigs, intestinal microbiota

王松, 简晓平, 潘婉舒, 张永光, 王涛, 游玲. 玉米小曲酒糟发酵饲料对育肥猪肠道菌群的影响[J]. 生物技术通报, 2022, 38(9): 248-257.

WANG Song, JIAN Xiao-ping, PAN Wan-shu, ZHANG Yong-guang, WANG Tao, YOU Ling. Effects of Fermented Corn Xiaoqu Distiller's Grains Feed on the Intestinal Microbiota of Growing-Finishing Pigs[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2022, 38(9): 248-257.

图/表 9

表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平（干物质基础）

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets（dry matter basis）%

项目 Item	常规饲料 Control	发酵饲料 Treatment
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn	60.00	43.00
玉米小曲酒糟Corn Xiaoqu distiller's grains	0.00	41.45
麸皮 Wheat bran	20.00	0.00
豆粕 Soybean meal	18.00	14.00
石粉 Limestone	1.00	0.50
发酵剂 Starter culture	0.00	0.05
预混料 Premix^1）	1.00	1.00
合计Total	100.00	100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels^2）
代谢能 ME/（MJ·kg^-1）	12.79	12.79
干物质 DM	88.25	88.16
粗蛋白 CP	15.00	15.83
钙 Ca	0.58	0.58
有效磷 AP	0.29	0.29
赖氨酸 Lys	0.77	0.77

图1 两种饲料中微生物群落结构比较

Fig. 1 Structure of microbial community in two kinds of experimental diets *P<0.05,**P<0.01

表2 发酵饲料对育肥猪生长性能和肉质的影响

Table 2 Effects of fermented feed on the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs and quality of pork

项目 Item	发酵饲料 Treatment	常规饲料 Control	P 值P value
初始平均体重 Initial average weight/kg	116.5±1.6	116.6±1.8	0.742
结束平均体重 Final average weight/kg	148.0±2.1	147.8±3.5	0.659
平均日增重 Average daily gain/kg	0.670±0.022	0.662±0.030	0.444
平均日采食量 Average daily feed intake/kg	1.764±0.062	1.811±0.057	0.063
料重比 Feed/Gain	2.63±0.12^b	2.74±0.12^a	0.041
水分含量 Moisture/%	68.03±1.96	68.18±1.42	0.890
pH	5.73±0.09	5.61±0.09	0.055
肌内脂肪 Intramuscular fat /%	9.77±0.86	9.54±0.34	0.595

表3 发酵饲料对育肥猪肠道菌群α-多样性的影响

Table 3 Effects of fermented feed on the intestinal microbial alpha diversity of growing-finishing pigs

名称 Name	结肠 Colon（Col）		小肠 Intestine（Int）
名称 Name	常规饲料Control（ctl）	发酵饲料Treatment（tmt）	常规饲料Control（ctl）	发酵饲料Treatment（tmt）
序列数 Sequence	26371	24777	33852	65815
OTUs	207	282	286	514
香浓指数 Shannon	4.55	5.19	5.99	4.66
辛普森指数 Simpson	0.90	0.90	0.96	0.81

图2 发酵饲料对育肥猪小肠及结肠OTU的影响

Fig. 2 Effects of fermented feed on the OTU of intestine and colon of growing-finishing pigs

图3 两个组育肥猪肠道微生物β-多样性分析从上到下,在热图中分别代表Bray Curtis距离,Unweighted Unifrac距离和Weighted Unifrac距离

Fig. 3 Beta diversity analysis of gut microbiota from two groups Bray curtis distance,unweighted unifrac distance and weighted unifrac distance from top to bottom in the hot map,respectively

图4 两个组育肥猪小肠及结肠细菌种属构成热图

Fig. 4 Hot map of bacterial species composition of intestine and colon from two groups

图5 属分类水平物种相互作用网络图圆圈大小代表其相对丰度,圆圈之间的线条代表二者相关性显著（P< 0.05）,线条颜色红色代表正相关,蓝色代表负相关

Fig. 5 Interaction network diagram about classification level of genus The size of a circle indicates its relative abundance,and the lines between the circles indicate a significant correlation（P< 0.05）. The red color indicates a positive correlation,and the blue color indicates a negative correlation

图6 发酵饲料对育肥猪肠道菌群功能的影响

Fig. 6 Effects of fermentation feed on the function of gut microbiota of growing-finishing pigs

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