伏马毒素的污染现状、毒性作用机制及防控策略研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0321

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

伏马毒素是由镰刀属真菌产生的一类具有显著危害的真菌次级代谢产物。这类毒素在玉米、小麦、高粱等多种谷物及其制品中污染广泛，因其对农产品安全的严重威胁以及对人类和动物健康的巨大危害，已成为全球食品安全领域面临的严峻挑战之一。随着全球范围内对镰刀菌毒素污染，特别是伏马毒素污染问题的日益重视和监管标准的趋严，系统梳理其研究进展，为风险评估和防控实践提供科学依据显得尤为迫切。本文首先系统解析了伏马毒素的种类及结构特征；然后阐明聚酮合酶基因簇调控的生物合成途径；从分子、细胞和器官3个水平揭示其毒性机制；比较分析色谱-质谱联用技术、酶联免疫快速检测等多种常见检测方法的适用场景和技术瓶颈；最后总结包括物理吸附、化学降解和生物防治在内的全链条综合防控体系。本研究通过多角度解析伏马毒素的污染规律、作用本质和防控策略，不仅为科学评估其风险奠定了坚实的理论基础，同时对于开发高效实用的减毒脱毒技术、保障农产品质量安全、维护人类和动物的健康福祉具有重要实践意义。

关键词: 伏马毒素, 生物合成途径, 毒性机制, 防控体系

Abstract:

Fumonisins are a class of significantly hazardous fungal secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium fungi. These toxins are widely prevalent contaminants in various grains such as corn, wheat, sorghum, and their derived products. Due to their severe threat to agricultural product safety and substantial hazards to human and animal health, fumonisin contamination causes a formidable challenge in the global food safety domain. With increasing global attention to fusarium toxin contamination, particularly fumonisin contamination, and the trend towards stricter regulatory standards, it becomes particularly urgent to systematically review research progress, thereby providing a scientific basis for risk assessment and practical prevention and control efforts. This review aims to systematically summarize key aspects of fumonisin research. First, it analyzes the main types of fumonisins and their unique chemical structural characteristics. Subsequently, it elucidates the biosynthetic pathway governed by the polyketide synthase (PKS) gene cluster. Next, it reveals the toxicity mechanisms of fumonisins across molecular (e.g., disrupting sphingolipid metabolism), cellular (e.g., inducing oxidative stress and cell death), and organ levels (e.g., causing damage to the liver, kidneys, and nervous system).Furthermore, the review compares and analyzes the applicability and technical limitations of common detection methods, including chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques (e.g., LC-MS/MS) and rapid immunoassays (e.g., ELISA). Finally, it summarizes a comprehensive "farm-to-fork" prevention and control system encompassing strategies such as physical adsorption, chemical degradation, and biological control. This multi-scale analysis of fumonisin contamination patterns, toxic mechanisms, and control strategies lays a solid theoretical foundation for scientifically assessing their risks. It also offers valuable practical insights for developing efficient detoxification technologies, ensuring agricultural product quality and safety, and safeguarding the health and well-being of humans and animals.

Key words: fumonisins, biosynthetic pathways, toxicity mechanisms, prevention and control system

张雨珊, 张雯雯, 刘岩, 申玉璞, 孙鲁, 黄伟红, 李中媛. 伏马毒素的污染现状、毒性作用机制及防控策略研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2025, 41(10): 129-142.

ZHANG Yu-shan, ZHANG Wen-wen, LIU Yan, SHEN Yu-pu, SUN Lu, HUANG Wei-hong, LI Zhong-yuan. Advances in Fumonisins Contamination： Current Status， Toxicological Mechanisms， and Mitigation Strategies[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(10): 129-142.

图/表 7

图1 伏马毒素的生物合成途径

Fig. 1 Biosynthetic pathway of fumonisins

图2 伏马毒素抑制神经酰胺合酶的分子机制

Fig. 2 Molecular mechanism of fumonisin inhibiting on ceramide synthase

图3 伏马毒素的致病毒性机理及其危害Molecular：分子水平。Cellular：细胞水平。Disease：疾病。De novo synthesis pathway：从头合成途径；Salvage pathway：补救合成途径；FB：伏马毒素；Serine+Palmitoyl CoA：丝氨酸+棕榈酰辅酶A；Serine palmitoyl transferase：丝氨酸棕榈酰转移酶；3-ketosphinganine：3-酮鞘氨醇；Reductase：还原酶；Sa：二氢鞘氨醇；Sphinganine kinasa：二氢鞘氨醇激酶；Phosphatase：磷酸酶；Sphinganine-1P：二氢鞘氨醇-1-磷酸；Fatty Acyl-CoA：脂酰辅酶A；Ceramide synthase：神经酰胺合酶；Dihydroceramides：二氢神经酰胺；Dihydroceramide desaturase：二氢神经酰胺去饱和酶；Ceramides：神经酰胺；Ceramidase：神经酰胺酶；So：鞘氨醇；Sphingomyelin synthase：鞘磷脂合酶；Sphingomyelinase：鞘磷脂酶；Sphingomyelins：鞘磷脂；Glucosylceromide synthase：葡萄糖基神经酰胺合酶；β-glucosidase：β-葡萄糖苷酶；Galactosylceramides：鞘糖脂；Sphingonine kinasa：鞘氨醇激酶；Phosphatase：磷酸酶；Sphingosine-1P：鞘氨醇-1-磷酸；Sphingolipid metabolism：鞘脂代谢；Oxidative stress ：氧化应激；Endoplasmic reticulum stress：内质网应激；TNF signaling pathway：TNF信号通路；Equine leucoencephalomalacia ：脑白质软化症；Pulmonary edema：肺水肿；Liver injury：肝损伤；Renal injury：肾损伤；Intestinal injury：肠道损伤。T箭头表示抑制作用；红色箭头表示含量上升；蓝色箭头表示含量下降

Fig. 3 Toxicological mechanism and hazards of fumonisinsT arrow indicates an inhibitory effect. Red arrow indicates content increase.;Blue arrow indicates content decreases

表1 各国伏马毒素在饲料中的限量标准

Table 1 International limiting amount standards of fumonisins in animal feed

国家/组织 Country/Ognization	产品 Production	imiting amount （μg/kg）限量 L	伏马毒素类型 Fumonisins type
中国^［34］ China	玉米及其加工产品、玉米酒糟类产品、玉米青贮饲料和玉米秸秆	60 000	FB₁+FB₂
	犊牛、羔羊精料补充料	20 000
	马、兔精料补充料	5 000
	其他反刍动物精料补充料	50 000
	猪浓缩饲料	5 000
	家禽浓缩饲料	20 000
	猪、兔、马配合饲料	5 000
	家禽配合饲料	20 000
	鱼配合饲料	10 000
美国^［35］ America	马和兔	1 000	FB₁+FB₂+FB₃
	猪和鲶鱼	10 000
	种用反刍动物，种禽，种用水貂，奶牛和蛋鸡	15 000
	食用反刍动物（≥3月龄）和毛皮用水貂	30 000
	食用家禽	50 000
	其他种类动物和宠物	5 000
欧盟^［36］ European union	饲料原料：玉米及其产品	60 000	FB₁+FB₂
	补充饲料和配合饲料	5 000
	猪马、兔和宠物	5 000
	鱼	10 000
	禽、小牛（<4月龄）、小羊	20 000
	成年反刍动物（>4月龄）、水貂	50 000

图4 常用的伏马毒素检测方法

Fig. 4 Commonly used detection methods for fumonisins

图5 伏马毒素的防控和消减策略

Fig. 5 Prevention, control, and mitigation strategies for fumonisins

图6 伏马毒素的降解途径

Fig. 6 Degradation pathways of fumonisins

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