胆汁酸调控脂肪组织功能与脂质代谢的机制及其应用

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2026-0004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

胆汁酸作为脊椎动物的一种重要生物信号物质，主要通过激活法尼酯X受体（FXR）、G蛋白胆汁酸偶联受体1（TGR5）等胆汁酸受体，调节肠道、肝脏、脂肪等器官组织的脂肪细胞的功能，促进脂肪酸分解，改善糖脂代谢平衡。近年来的研究显示，胆汁酸在肥胖、糖尿病、脂肪肝等脂肪代谢性疾病中具有治疗功能，尤其在促进白色脂肪组织褐变、增强产热、调节胰岛素敏感性、减轻肥胖和脂肪性炎症疾病等方面展现了显著效果。此外，胆汁酸与肠道微生物的相互作用在调节能量平衡和脂质代谢健康方面起着关键作用，并展现出其在畜禽健康养殖中的有效调节作用。本文以胆汁酸在脂肪组织的代谢作用为切入点，系统总结胆汁酸信号参与体内不同部位脂肪组织代谢的关键信号路径和作用机理，为人类和动物的脂肪代谢性疾病和脂肪沉积调控研究和靶向干预提供新的思路和方法。

关键词: 胆汁酸, 受体, 白色脂肪, 褐色脂肪, 肠道微生物, 健康养殖

Abstract:

Bile acids, as important signaling molecules in vertebrates, primarily regulate adipocyte function in tissues and organs such as the intestine, liver, and adipose tissue through the activation of bile acid receptors, including the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5). Through these pathways, bile acids promote fatty acid catabolism and contribute to the maintenance of glucose and lipid metabolic homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that bile acids possess therapeutic potential in lipid metabolism-related disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. In particular, they have demonstrated marked effects in promoting the browning of white adipose tissue, enhancing thermogenesis, improving insulin sensitivity, and alleviating obesity and obesity-associated inflammatory disorders. In addition, interactions between bile acids and the gut microbiota play a pivotal role in the regulation of energy balance and lipid metabolic health and have shown effective regulatory functions in healthy livestock and poultry production. Therefore, this review focuses on the metabolic roles of bile acids in adipose tissue and systematically summarizes the key signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms through which bile acid signaling regulates adipose metabolism in different tissues in vivo, aiming to provide new insights and strategies for the study and targeted intervention of adipose metabolic diseases and fat deposition in both humans and animals.

Key words: bile acids, receptors, white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, gut microbiota, healthy farming

童鑫, 蒋贤哲, 王炳. 胆汁酸调控脂肪组织功能与脂质代谢的机制及其应用[J]. 生物技术通报, 2026, 42(9): 276-285.

TONG Xin, JIANG Xian-zhe, WANG Bing. Mechanisms and Applications of Bile Acids in Regulating Adipose Tissue Function and Lipid Metabolism[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(9): 276-285.

图/表 3

图1 白色脂肪棕色化过程

Fig. 1 Browning process of white adipose tissue

图2 胆汁酸受体FXR和TGR5对机体脂代谢的调节机制

Fig. 2 Regulatory mechanisms of bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5 on lipid metabolism in the body

图3 肠肝轴介导胆汁酸信号在畜禽健康养殖中的应用前景

Fig. 3 Prospective applications of gut-liver axis-mediated bile acid signalling in health-oriented livestock and poultry production

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