昆虫肠道菌群组学研究及功能和应用进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2020-0859

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来,随着昆虫微生态领域研究的发展,昆虫肠道菌群组学研究越来越受关注。由于昆虫肠道菌群种类繁杂、数量巨大、功能多样,因此,其组学研究方法的选取至关重要,与研究是否科学、高效及合理密切相关。常见的昆虫肠道菌群组学研究方法包括宏基因组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学、培养组学及多组学技术。昆虫肠道菌群在与宿主长期共同进化中对宿主的营养代谢、生长发育、保护防御等起到了至关重要的作用,随着其功能研究的不断深入,昆虫肠道菌群应用研究也越来越广泛。本文将从昆虫肠道菌群的概述、组学研究方法的选择、昆虫肠道菌群的功能及应用4个方面,对近年来的研究进行总结,为昆虫肠道菌群的深入研究提供文献参考。

关键词: 昆虫, 肠道菌群, 组学, 功能, 应用

Abstract:

With the development of insect microecology in recent years,more and more attentions have been paid to the study of histology of intestinal flora. Because there are many kinds,large numbers and various functions of the intestinal flora of insects,it is critical to select the research methods of its histology,which is closely related to whether the research is scientific,efficient and reasonable. The common methods of studying the histology of insect intestinal flora include metagenomics,proteomics,metabonomics,culturomics and combined application of multi-omics. Insect intestinal flora plays a key role in the long-term coevolution with the host,such as nutrition metabolism,growth and development,and protection and defense. With the deepening of its function research,the application research of insect intestinal flora is glowingly extensive. In this paper,we summarize the research in recent years from four aspects：the overview of insect intestinal flora,the selection of omics research methods,the function and application of insect intestinal flora,aiming to provide references for the follow-up study of insect intestinal flora.

Key words: insect, intestinal flora, histology, function, application

胡紫媛, 夏嫱. 昆虫肠道菌群组学研究及功能和应用进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2021, 37(1): 102-112.

HU Zi-yuan, XIA Qiang. Advances in the Histology Study,Function and Application of Insect Intestinal Flora[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2021, 37(1): 102-112.

图/表 1

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组学类别	研究对象	研究内容	主要技术	昆虫肠道菌群研究应用	参考文献
宏基因组学	特定环境中生物体的所有DNA	通过构建宏基因组文库和筛选等手段获得新的生理活性物质;或者根据rDNA数据库设计引物,通过系统学分析获得该环境中微生物的遗传多样性和分子生态学信息	实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（RT-qPCR）、16S rRNA测序技术、16S rDNA测序技术、高通量测序技术、序列分析法、同位素检测等	揭示昆虫肠道菌群的基因差异,寻找功能基因;发现未知肠道菌;鉴定菌群种类和丰富度;阐明肠道菌群种间关系	[11-14]
蛋白质组学	细胞、组织或生物体蛋白质	在大规模水平上同时研究一系列蛋白质的特征,包括蛋白质的表达水平,翻译后的修饰,蛋白与蛋白相互作用等。由此获得蛋白质水平上的关于疾病发生、细胞代谢等过程的整体而全面的认识	双向凝胶电泳技术（2-DE）、双向荧光差异凝胶电泳（DIGE）技术、质谱技术（MS）、同位素亲和标签技术（ICAT）、细胞培养条件下稳定同位素标记（SILAC）技术、蛋白质芯片、生物信息学等	揭示肠道菌群蛋白差异表达与肠道菌群功能关系,预测肠道菌群功能差异;阐明肠道菌群在生理或病理条件下的变化机制;分析肠道菌群功能与疾病的关系	[15-17]
代谢组学	生物体内所有代谢物	对某一生物或细胞在一特定生理时期内所有低分子量（相对分子量<1000）代谢产物同时进行定性和定量分析	核磁共振技术（NMR）、毛细管电泳质谱联用技术（EC-MS）、同位素标记质谱、气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）、液相色谱-质谱联用技术（LC-MS）等	分析肠道菌群代谢产物种类和丰富度;评价昆虫肠道菌群的各种代谢活动;推测昆虫肠道菌群间的相互作用;解释肠道菌群在代谢方面对疾病发生和发展的影响	[18-20]
培养组学	所有离体微生物	尽可能地模仿细菌所处的自然环境,以获取培养物	传统培养法、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法（MALDI-TOF）等	丰富肠道菌群中可培养细菌的种类;改变描述未知细菌的方法;发现肠道菌群中新菌种;发现肠道菌群多样化的培养条件和营养成分;提供活菌供因果验证	[21-23]

组学类别	研究对象	研究内容	主要技术	昆虫肠道菌群研究应用	参考文献
宏基因组学	特定环境中生物体的所有DNA	通过构建宏基因组文库和筛选等手段获得新的生理活性物质;或者根据rDNA数据库设计引物,通过系统学分析获得该环境中微生物的遗传多样性和分子生态学信息	实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（RT-qPCR）、16S rRNA测序技术、16S rDNA测序技术、高通量测序技术、序列分析法、同位素检测等	揭示昆虫肠道菌群的基因差异,寻找功能基因;发现未知肠道菌;鉴定菌群种类和丰富度;阐明肠道菌群种间关系	[11-14]
蛋白质组学	细胞、组织或生物体蛋白质	在大规模水平上同时研究一系列蛋白质的特征,包括蛋白质的表达水平,翻译后的修饰,蛋白与蛋白相互作用等。由此获得蛋白质水平上的关于疾病发生、细胞代谢等过程的整体而全面的认识	双向凝胶电泳技术（2-DE）、双向荧光差异凝胶电泳（DIGE）技术、质谱技术（MS）、同位素亲和标签技术（ICAT）、细胞培养条件下稳定同位素标记（SILAC）技术、蛋白质芯片、生物信息学等	揭示肠道菌群蛋白差异表达与肠道菌群功能关系,预测肠道菌群功能差异;阐明肠道菌群在生理或病理条件下的变化机制;分析肠道菌群功能与疾病的关系	[15-17]
代谢组学	生物体内所有代谢物	对某一生物或细胞在一特定生理时期内所有低分子量（相对分子量<1000）代谢产物同时进行定性和定量分析	核磁共振技术（NMR）、毛细管电泳质谱联用技术（EC-MS）、同位素标记质谱、气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）、液相色谱-质谱联用技术（LC-MS）等	分析肠道菌群代谢产物种类和丰富度;评价昆虫肠道菌群的各种代谢活动;推测昆虫肠道菌群间的相互作用;解释肠道菌群在代谢方面对疾病发生和发展的影响	[18-20]
培养组学	所有离体微生物	尽可能地模仿细菌所处的自然环境,以获取培养物	传统培养法、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法（MALDI-TOF）等	丰富肠道菌群中可培养细菌的种类;改变描述未知细菌的方法;发现肠道菌群中新菌种;发现肠道菌群多样化的培养条件和营养成分;提供活菌供因果验证	[21-23]