微生物除草剂的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2024-0063

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

杂草是危害农业生产最严重的有害生物之一，其防治主要依赖化学除草剂，而长期大量使用化学除草剂会引发杂草抗药性增加、环境安全和粮食安全等问题。微生物除草剂是利用微生物本身或其代谢产物开发的生物除草剂，具有资源丰富、不易产生抗性杂草、环境友好等特点，是当前国际上杂草绿色防控技术发展方向。本文总结了微生物除草剂的类型，罗列了具有除草活性的生防微生物种类以及毒素种类；综述了微生物除草的作用机理，微生物主要通过感染侵入杂草寄主引起杂草的导管闭塞、造成植株萎蔫并枯死，或者通过代谢产物中有效活性物质影响杂草寄主细胞结构的完整性、生物膜功能和脂质稳定性、能量传递、光合色素合成、脂类合成及氨基酸的合成等，从而达到除草的目的；进一步总结了微生物除草剂的应用现状，包括商品化情况、应用的限制因素和防控效果提升策略，以及组学技术在微生物除草领域的应用；最后对微生物除草剂的发展方向及应用前景进行了展望，以期为新型除草剂的研究与开发提供参考。

关键词: 除草剂, 植物病原菌, 代谢产物, 除草机理

Abstract:

Weeds are one of the most serious pests to agricultural production, and their control mainly depends on chemical herbicides. Long-term and large-scale use of chemical herbicides will lead to the increase of weed resistance, environmental security and food security. Microbial herbicides are biological herbicides developed by using microorganisms themselves or their metabolites, which are characterized by abundant resources, environmental friendliness, not easy to have resistant weeds, which are the development direction of green weed biocontrol in the world. In this paper, we summarized the types of microbial herbicides and listed the biocontrol microorganisms and toxins with herbicidal activity. Then, we reviewed the mechanism of microbial weed control. Microorganisms invaded the weed host through infection, causing the tube closure of the weed, and finally resulting in plant wilting and dying. In otherwise, they affected the cell structure integrity, biofilm function, lipid stability, energy transfer, photosynthetic pigment synthesis, lipid synthesis and amino acid synthesis of the weed host through effective active substances in metabolites, to achieve the purpose of killing weeds. In addition, we summarized the application status of microbial herbicides, including commercialization, constraints in application and improvement strategies of control effect; as well as the application of omics technology in the field of microbial herbicides. Finally, we prospected the development direction and application prospect of microbial herbicides，aiming to provide reference for the research and development of new herbicides.

Key words: herbicides, plant pathogen, metabolites, weeding mechanism

刘璐, 朱哲远, 李颖曦, 王颉, 彭迪. 微生物除草剂的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2024, 40(9): 161-171.

LIU Lu, ZHU Zhe-yuan, LI Ying-xi, WANG Jie, PENG Di. Research Progress in Microbial Herbicides[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2024, 40(9): 161-171.

图/表 4

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属名Genus	微生物种类Microbial species	主要防除对象Target weeds	参考文献Reference
链格孢属Alternaria	链格孢菌 A. alternata	紫茎泽兰、稗草	[12-13]
	狭卵链格孢 A. augustiovoidea	稗草、藜	[14]
	链格孢属真菌 A. perpunctulata	马唐	[15]
	极细链格孢菌 A. tenuissima	藜和密花香薷	[16]
炭疽菌属Colletotrichum	胶孢炭疽菌 C. gloeosporioides	菟丝子、田菁属杂草、双子叶杂草	[17]
	球状炭疽菌 C. coccodes	苘麻	[18]
	牛筋草炭疽菌 C. eleusines	牛筋草	[19]
镰刀菌属Fusarium	镰刀菌 F. orobanches	列当、喜旱莲子草	[20]
	层出镰刀菌 F. proliferatum	藜和密花香薷	[21]
	蕉斑镰刀菌 F. stoveri	空心莲子草	[22]
茎点霉属Phoma	草茎点霉菌 P. herbarum	鸭跖草、银胶菊	[23]
	藜生茎点霉 P. chenopodiicola	藜	[24]
	鸭跖草茎点霉 P. commelinicola	鸭跖草属	[23]
	巨口茎点霉 P. macrostoma	阔叶杂草	[25]
	茎点霉属真菌 P. bellidis	黄花油点草	[26]
弯孢属Curvularia	画眉草弯孢霉菌 C. eragrostidis	马唐、千金子、稗草	[27]
	新月弯孢菌 C. lunata	稗草	[28]
平脐蠕孢属Bipolaris	蟋蟀草平脐蠕孢菌 B. eleusines	稗草	[29]
	双色平脐蠕孢菌 B. bicolor Mitra Shoem	牛筋草、棻枝莠竹、狗尾草等	[30]
	稷平脐蠕孢 B. panicimiliacei	禾本科杂草	[31]
其他属Others	荧光假单胞菌 Pseudomonas fluorescens	旱雀麦	[32]
	出芽短梗霉菌 Aureobasidium pullulans	猪殃殃、藜、冬葵、酸模叶蓼及野燕麦	[33]
	尖角突脐孢 Exserohilum monoceras	稗草	[34]
	球孢白僵菌 Beauveria bassiana	野燕麦、牛筋草	[35]
	齐整小核菌 Sclerotium rolfsii	加拿大一枝黄花	[36]
	内脐蠕孢菌 Drechslera gigantea	马唐、蒺藜草、金色狗尾草	[37]
	疫霉菌 Phytophthora nicotianae	麦瓶草、播娘篙和反枝觅	[38]
	假隔链格孢 Nimbya alternantherae	空心莲子草	[14]
	小孢拟盘多毛孢 Pestalotiopsis microspore	马唐、狗尾草、播娘蒿	[39]
	多孢木霉 Trichoderma polysporum	密花香薷	[40]
	链霉菌属 Streptomyces sp.	稗草、反枝苋和狗牙草等	[41]
	野油菜黄单胞菌 Xanthomonas campestris	小蓬草	[42]
	壳二孢属 Ascochyta caulina	藜	[43]
	尾孢菌属 Cercospora piaropi	凤眼莲	[44]
	小球壳孢属 Microsphaeropsis amaranthi	苋属杂草	[45]
	拟点霉属 Phomopsis amaranthicola	苋属杂草	[11]
	柄锈菌属 Puccinia romagnoliana	莎草	[46]
	小菌核菌 Sclerotinia minor	阔叶车前草等	[47]
	高地芽孢杆菌 Bacillus altitudinis	自生油菜，藜等	[39]
	蜡样芽孢杆菌 B. cereus	马唐等	[48]
	肠杆菌属 Enterobacter sp.	稗草、马齿苋	[49]

属名Genus	微生物种类Microbial species	主要防除对象Target weeds	参考文献Reference
链格孢属Alternaria	链格孢菌 A. alternata	紫茎泽兰、稗草	[12-13]
	狭卵链格孢 A. augustiovoidea	稗草、藜	[14]
	链格孢属真菌 A. perpunctulata	马唐	[15]
	极细链格孢菌 A. tenuissima	藜和密花香薷	[16]
炭疽菌属Colletotrichum	胶孢炭疽菌 C. gloeosporioides	菟丝子、田菁属杂草、双子叶杂草	[17]
	球状炭疽菌 C. coccodes	苘麻	[18]
	牛筋草炭疽菌 C. eleusines	牛筋草	[19]
镰刀菌属Fusarium	镰刀菌 F. orobanches	列当、喜旱莲子草	[20]
	层出镰刀菌 F. proliferatum	藜和密花香薷	[21]
	蕉斑镰刀菌 F. stoveri	空心莲子草	[22]
茎点霉属Phoma	草茎点霉菌 P. herbarum	鸭跖草、银胶菊	[23]
	藜生茎点霉 P. chenopodiicola	藜	[24]
	鸭跖草茎点霉 P. commelinicola	鸭跖草属	[23]
	巨口茎点霉 P. macrostoma	阔叶杂草	[25]
	茎点霉属真菌 P. bellidis	黄花油点草	[26]
弯孢属Curvularia	画眉草弯孢霉菌 C. eragrostidis	马唐、千金子、稗草	[27]
	新月弯孢菌 C. lunata	稗草	[28]
平脐蠕孢属Bipolaris	蟋蟀草平脐蠕孢菌 B. eleusines	稗草	[29]
	双色平脐蠕孢菌 B. bicolor Mitra Shoem	牛筋草、棻枝莠竹、狗尾草等	[30]
	稷平脐蠕孢 B. panicimiliacei	禾本科杂草	[31]
其他属Others	荧光假单胞菌 Pseudomonas fluorescens	旱雀麦	[32]
	出芽短梗霉菌 Aureobasidium pullulans	猪殃殃、藜、冬葵、酸模叶蓼及野燕麦	[33]
	尖角突脐孢 Exserohilum monoceras	稗草	[34]
	球孢白僵菌 Beauveria bassiana	野燕麦、牛筋草	[35]
	齐整小核菌 Sclerotium rolfsii	加拿大一枝黄花	[36]
	内脐蠕孢菌 Drechslera gigantea	马唐、蒺藜草、金色狗尾草	[37]
	疫霉菌 Phytophthora nicotianae	麦瓶草、播娘篙和反枝觅	[38]
	假隔链格孢 Nimbya alternantherae	空心莲子草	[14]
	小孢拟盘多毛孢 Pestalotiopsis microspore	马唐、狗尾草、播娘蒿	[39]
	多孢木霉 Trichoderma polysporum	密花香薷	[40]
	链霉菌属 Streptomyces sp.	稗草、反枝苋和狗牙草等	[41]
	野油菜黄单胞菌 Xanthomonas campestris	小蓬草	[42]
	壳二孢属 Ascochyta caulina	藜	[43]
	尾孢菌属 Cercospora piaropi	凤眼莲	[44]
	小球壳孢属 Microsphaeropsis amaranthi	苋属杂草	[45]
	拟点霉属 Phomopsis amaranthicola	苋属杂草	[11]
	柄锈菌属 Puccinia romagnoliana	莎草	[46]
	小菌核菌 Sclerotinia minor	阔叶车前草等	[47]
	高地芽孢杆菌 Bacillus altitudinis	自生油菜，藜等	[39]
	蜡样芽孢杆菌 B. cereus	马唐等	[48]
	肠杆菌属 Enterobacter sp.	稗草、马齿苋	[49]

类型 Type	毒素 Toxin	来源 Origin	作用机理 Mechanism	参考文献Reference
细菌性植物毒素	Tabtoxin（烟草野火病菌毒素）	Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci	抑制谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性	[55]
	Phaseolotoxin（菜豆素毒素）	P. syringae pv phaseolicola	抑制鸟氨酸氨甲酰基转移酶的活性	[46]
	Coronatine（冠菌素）	P. coronafacience	抑制水杨酸	[56]
放线菌性植物毒素	Bialaphos（双丙氨膦）	Streptomyces hygroscopis	抑制光合磷酸化作用	[47]
	Oxetin（氧丁霉素）	Streptomyces sp.	GS抑制剂	[51]
	Phosalacine	Kitasatosporia phosalacinea	GS抑制剂	[57]
	Hydantocidin	S. hygroscopis	腺苷酸琥珀酸合成酶抑制剂	[52]
	Actinonin（放线酰胺素）	Actinomyces sp.	抑制质体肽去甲酰化酶的活性	[52]
	Phthoxazolin	Streptomyces sp.	抑制纤维素的生物合成	[58]
	Pyridazocidin	Streptomyces sp.	催化梅勒反应	[52]
	Nigericin（尼日利亚菌素）	S. hygroscopicus	抑制光合作用	[53]
真菌毒素	Maculosin	Alternaria alternata	作用于叶绿体	[13]
	AAL-toxin	A. alternate. f. sp. Lycopersici	抑制植物中神经酰胺合酶	[59]
	TeA toxin（细交链孢菌酮酸）	A. alternata	抑制光系统II电子传递活性	[12]
	Tentoxin（腾毒素）	A. alternata	抑制叶绿体的发育过程	[13]
	Zinniol	Alternaria; Phoma macdonaldii	作用于钙离子通道上	[13]
	Colletotrichin刺盘孢菌素）	Colletotrichum sp.	破坏质膜	[18]
	Cercosporin（尾孢菌素）	Cercospora sp.	引发细胞膜过氧化	[4]
	Ophiobolin（蛇孢假壳素）	Bipolaris sp.	影响质膜	[60]
	Cyperin（莎草素）	A. cypericola、P. sorghina等	抑制植物烯酰还原酶	[39]
	Beticolins	Cercospora beticola	破坏细胞膜功能	[4]
	Fusicoccin（壳梭孢菌素）	Fusicoccum amygdali	活化植物质膜H+-ATP合酶	[10]
	Macrocidins	P. macrostoma	抑制类胡萝卜素合成	[61]

类型 Type	毒素 Toxin	来源 Origin	作用机理 Mechanism	参考文献Reference
细菌性植物毒素	Tabtoxin（烟草野火病菌毒素）	Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci	抑制谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性	[55]
	Phaseolotoxin（菜豆素毒素）	P. syringae pv phaseolicola	抑制鸟氨酸氨甲酰基转移酶的活性	[46]
	Coronatine（冠菌素）	P. coronafacience	抑制水杨酸	[56]
放线菌性植物毒素	Bialaphos（双丙氨膦）	Streptomyces hygroscopis	抑制光合磷酸化作用	[47]
	Oxetin（氧丁霉素）	Streptomyces sp.	GS抑制剂	[51]
	Phosalacine	Kitasatosporia phosalacinea	GS抑制剂	[57]
	Hydantocidin	S. hygroscopis	腺苷酸琥珀酸合成酶抑制剂	[52]
	Actinonin（放线酰胺素）	Actinomyces sp.	抑制质体肽去甲酰化酶的活性	[52]
	Phthoxazolin	Streptomyces sp.	抑制纤维素的生物合成	[58]
	Pyridazocidin	Streptomyces sp.	催化梅勒反应	[52]
	Nigericin（尼日利亚菌素）	S. hygroscopicus	抑制光合作用	[53]
真菌毒素	Maculosin	Alternaria alternata	作用于叶绿体	[13]
	AAL-toxin	A. alternate. f. sp. Lycopersici	抑制植物中神经酰胺合酶	[59]
	TeA toxin（细交链孢菌酮酸）	A. alternata	抑制光系统II电子传递活性	[12]
	Tentoxin（腾毒素）	A. alternata	抑制叶绿体的发育过程	[13]
	Zinniol	Alternaria; Phoma macdonaldii	作用于钙离子通道上	[13]
	Colletotrichin刺盘孢菌素）	Colletotrichum sp.	破坏质膜	[18]
	Cercosporin（尾孢菌素）	Cercospora sp.	引发细胞膜过氧化	[4]
	Ophiobolin（蛇孢假壳素）	Bipolaris sp.	影响质膜	[60]
	Cyperin（莎草素）	A. cypericola、P. sorghina等	抑制植物烯酰还原酶	[39]
	Beticolins	Cercospora beticola	破坏细胞膜功能	[4]
	Fusicoccin（壳梭孢菌素）	Fusicoccum amygdali	活化植物质膜H+-ATP合酶	[10]
	Macrocidins	P. macrostoma	抑制类胡萝卜素合成	[61]

商品名Commercial name	成分Active ingredient	目标杂草Target weed	生产国家Manufacturer
Dr. Biosedge	纵沟柄绣菌 Puccinia canaliculata	油莎草	美国
Biochon	银叶菌 Chondrostereum purureum	野黑樱	荷兰
Devine	棕榈疫霉菌 Phytophthora palimivora	柑橘园莫伦藤	美国
Collego	胶孢炭疽菌 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides	弗吉尼亚合萌	美国
BioMal	盘长孢状刺盘孢锦葵专化型C. gloeosporioides. f. sp. malvae	圆叶锦葵、苘麻	加拿大
鲁保1号	胶孢炭疽菌 C. gloeosporioides	菟丝子	中国
Camperico	黄单胞杆菌 Xanthomonas campestris	早熟禾及剪股颖	日本
CASST	Alternaria crassae	钝叶决明、望江南	美国
Tasmart	Drechslera monoceras	稗草	日本
D7菌株制剂	荧光假单胞菌 Pseudomonas fluorescens	旱雀麦	美国
MBI-014	伯克霍尔德氏菌 Burkholderia rinojensis	苋属杂草	美国
“Ф”制剂	镰刀菌 Fusarium orobanches	列当	苏联
MYX-1200	砖红镰孢 Fusarium lateritium	豆科杂草	美国
Bialaphos	链霉菌 Streptomyce hygroscopicus	一年及多年生杂草	中国
Smolder	A. destruens	菟丝子属杂草	美国
Woad Warrior	Puccinia thlaspeos	合欢属杂草	南非
Montagne 94-44B	巨腔茎点霉 Phoma macrostoma	蒲公英	加拿大