发酵TMR中微生物群落演替及其对发酵品质调控的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0907

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

发酵全混合日粮（total mixed ration, TMR）是基于家畜生长过程中的营养需求和原料的营养价值，设计合理的配方，通过乳酸菌发酵从而提高饲料营养价值与保存性的技术。其发酵品质以及有氧稳定性与饲料中微生物群落的组成密切相关，TMR发酵过程中的微生物代谢会对蛋白质、纤维素等营养物质产生影响。其中，以乳酸菌为主的有益微生物能够转化碳水化合物产生有机酸以实现发酵TMR营养价值和有氧稳定性的提升；同时，酵母菌和霉菌等有害微生物存在引发好氧变质与霉菌毒素污染的风险。文章基于TMR发酵过程及有氧状态下微生物种群多样性的研究进展进行综述，讨论微生物群落演替对营养物质转化、利用、消化及饲料安全性的影响机制。以期为开发高效靶向发酵剂，优化发酵TMR工艺控制提供理论依据。

关键词: 发酵TMR, 微生物多样性, 发酵品质, 有氧稳定性

Abstract:

Ensiled total mixed ration (TMR) is a pivotal technology designed to enhance the nutritional value and preservation of livestock feed by leveraging controlled lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation of precisely formulated rations, based on the nutritional needs of livestock during their growth process and the nutritional value of raw materials. The ultimate fermentation quality and aerobic stability of ensiled TMR are inextricably linked to the composition of its resident microbial communities. During the ensiling process, microbial metabolism profoundly impacts the fate of key nutrients, including proteins and structural carbohydrates. Beneficial microorganisms, predominantly LAB, convert carbohydrates into organic acids, a process fundamental to augmenting the nutritive value and, critically, the aerobic stability of the final product. Conversely, the proliferation of detrimental microorganisms, particularly yeasts and molds, poses significant risks of aerobic spoilage and mycotoxin contamination upon feed-out. This review synthesizes current research on the microbial community succession during both the anaerobic fermentation and aerobic exposure phases of ensiled TMR. Then the review critically discusses the mechanisms through which microbial succession influences nutrient transformation, utilization, and digestibility, as well as overall feed safety. The insights provided herein aim to establish a theoretical framework for the development of novel, targeted inoculants and the optimization of ensiled TMR processing and control strategies.

Key words: ensiled total mixed ration, microbial diversity, nutritional quality, aerobic stability

唐昕锐, 徐茁航旭, 郭琳娜, 关二旗, 江迪. 发酵TMR中微生物群落演替及其对发酵品质调控的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2026, 42(7): 22-33.

TANG Xin-rui, XU Zhuo-hang-xu, GUO Lin-na, GUAN Er-qi, JIANG Di. Research Progress in Microbial Community Succession and Its Regulation of Fermentation Quality in Ensiled Total Mixed Rations[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(7): 22-33.

图/表 2

图1 发酵全混合日粮中微生物群落演替、营养代谢与品质调控策略示意图

Fig. 1 Schematic representation of microbial community succession, nutrient metabolism, and quality regulation strategies in ensiled total mixed ration

图2 发酵全混合日粮不同阶段主要细菌与真菌的组成与演替规律

Fig. 2 Composition and succession patterns of dominant bacterial and fungal communities in ensiled total mixed ration during different stages

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