Promoting Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Root Growth of Arabidopsis thaliana

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2021-1188

Abstract

Abstract:

This work aims to clarify the promoting effect of graphene oxide（GO）on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the application of nanomaterials in agricultural production. Seeds of A. thaliana were cultured in 1/2 MS with different concentrations of GO. The primary root length,lateral root number,root activity,production of superoxide anion free radical,superoxide dismutase activity and expression of root growth-related gene were measured. After 20-200 μg/mL GO treatment,the taproot length of A. thaliana increased by 4.6%-43.0%. Compared with the control（without GO）,and the difference was significant within 50-200 μg/mL. Treatment with 50 μg/mL GO significantly promoted the formation of lateral roots,and the number of lateral roots increased by 27.1% compared with the control,while treatment with higher or lower than 50 μg/mL was not conducive to the formation of lateral roots. The results showed that 50 μg/mL GO promoted the taproot length and lateral root number of A. thaliana. It was also found that the concentration of 50 μg/mL GO increased the length of meristem and elongation zone of root tip,but had no effect on the root tip diameter and root cap length. The tissue staining of triphenyltetrazole chloride（TTC）and nitrio blue tetrazolium（NBT）indicated that 50 μg/mL GO increased the root activity,superoxide dismutase activity and decreased the production of superoxide anion. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that ADC1 and DAR2 were down-regulated and IQM3 was up-regulated,which promoted the taproot elongation. The expressions of ARF7,ARF19,ERFII-1 and IQM3 were up-regulated, which promoted the increase of the lateral root number. Treatment with 50 μg/mL GO could promote root growth of A. thaliana. The increase of root activity,the decrease of superoxide anion and the up-regulation of root-related gene expression are the main reasons that GO promotes the growth of root system.

Key words: Arabidopsis thaliana, graphene oxide, nanomaterials, root growth, gene expression

GAO Cong, XIAO Chu-jian, LU Shuai, WANG Su-rong, YUAN Hui-hua, CAO Yun-ying. Promoting Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Root Growth of Arabidopsis thaliana[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2022, 38(6): 120-128.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1 Primer sequences for fluorescence quantitative expression analysis

基因 Gene	登录号 Locus	引物Primer（5'-3'）	片段长度 Size/bp
ERFII-1	At4g17490	F：TTGTAGCAGCAGAGGAGAAGAG	107
		R：CCAAACACGAGTTCCACGAC
ARF7	At5g20730	F： GCGGCTAAAACAAGAACTCG	107
		R：CGCCTCCATCTAAACCGTAA
ARF19	At1g19220	F：TCCAGTGCTGCAATCAGTTC	112
		R：CCTCCACCATTCATGATTCC
CKX1	At2g41510	F：ACAGAGGAAACAAGCCTACGAC	102
		R：TGACTTTGCGAGTTGGATGG
ADC1	At2g16500	F：TGTGGCTTCGGTTAGGTTTG	138
		R：GTCTCATGTTGTTGACCAGCTG
DAR2	At2g39830	F：AGCATGAGTTCTCTCTGTCAGG	142
		R：CCAAAACGGATGGCATCGATAC
IQM3	At3g52870	F：GGAGGGTGATTGTTGACAATGG	120
		R：AGGTTCACTGCGTTCTCTCTG
ACT2	At3g18780	F：GCCATCCAAGCTGTTCTCTC	270
		R：GCTCGTAGTCAACAGCAACAA

Fig.1 Characterization of GO A：SEM image of GO under normal condition. B：TEM image of GO after ultrasonic treatment. C：FTIR image of GO

Fig.2 Effects of different concentrations of GO on the tap-root growth of A. thaliana A：Representative photograph of A. thaliana taproot growth after 6 d of planting. B：Effects of GO on the taproot length. n=30. CK,20,50,100 and 200 refer to 0,20,50,100 and 200 μg/mL GO treatment,respectively. The error line on the column is the standard deviation,and the different small letters above the bars mean significant difference among treatments（P≤0.05）. The experiment was repeated three times. The same below

Fig.3 Effects of different concentrations of GO on the lat-eral root growth of A. thaliana A：Representative photograph of A. thaliana lateral root growth after 11 d of planting. B：Effects of GO on the lateral root. n=15. CK,20,50,100 and 200 refer to 0,20,50,100 and 200 μg/mL GO treatment,respectively

Fig.4 Effects of different concentrations of GO on the different parts of taproot of A. thaliana A：Meristem zone length of taproot of A. thaliana growth after 4 d of planting. B：Extension zone length of taproot of A. thaliana growth after 4 d of planting. C：Diameter of taproot tip of A. thaliana growth after 4 d of planting. D：Length of taproot cap of A. thaliana growth after 4 d of planting. E：Representative photograph of A thaliana growth after 4 d of planting by confocal microscope staining with PID,n=30. 0 or CK and 50 refer to 0 and 50 μg/mL GO treatment,respectively. Asterisk above the bars indicate significant difference between the two treatments（P≤0.05）. The same below. Scale bar is 5 μm

Fig.5 Tissue staining and SOD activity quantitative analysis of A. thaliana treated with different concentrations of GO A and C：0 μg/mL GO treatment as control. B and D：Treated with GO in 50 μg/mL concentration. A and B：Representative photograph of A. thaliana taproot tip with staining with TTC,scale bar is 5 mm. C and D：Representative photograph of A. thaliana seedlings with staining with NBT,scale bar is 2 mm. E：Quantitative analysis of SOD activity

Fig.6 Effects of different concentrations of GO on the gene expressions related to root growth in A. thaliana A：Regulation of root length related gene expression. B：Regulation of lateral root related gene expression. CK and 50 refer to 0 and 50 μg/mL GO treatment

Fig.7 Possible mechanism of GO on the growth of A. thaliana

References 22

[1]	Ruffini Castiglione M, Giorgetti L, Geri C, et al. The effects of nano-TiO₂ on seed germination, development and mitosis of root tip cells of Vicia narbonensis L. and Zea mays L[J]. J Nanoparticle Res, 2011, 13(6):2443-2449. doi: 10.1007/s11051-010-0135-8 URL
[2]	Deng YQ, White JC, Xing BS. Interactions between engineered nanomaterials and agricultural crops:implications for food safety[J]. J Zhejiang Univ Sci A, 2014, 15(8):552-572. doi: 10.1631/jzus.A1400165 URL
[3]	Syu YY, Hung JH, Chen JC, et al. Impacts of size and shape of silver nanoparticles on Arabidopsis plant growth and gene expression[J]. Plant Physiol Biochem, 2014, 83:57-64. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.07.010 URL
[4]	Sun XD, Yuan XZ, Jia Y, et al. Differentially charged nanoplastics demonstrate distinct accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2020, 15(9):755-760. doi: 10.1038/s41565-020-0707-4 URL
[5]	Kurepa J, Paunesku T, Vogt S, et al. Uptake and distribution of ultrasmall anatase TiO₂ Alizarin red S nanoconjugates in Arabidopsis thaliana[J]. Nano Lett, 2010, 10(7):2296-2302. doi: 10.1021/nl903518f URL
[6]	李海涛, 沈健民, 陈骏. 石墨烯在农业中应用前景浅析[J]. 江苏农机化, 2020, (5):20-23.
	Li HT, Shen JM, Chen J. Application prospect of graphene in agriculture[J]. Jiangsu Agric Mech, 2020, (5):20-23.
[7]	陈建伟, 余海娟, 李亮, 等. 纳米氧化钛颗粒对镉胁迫下玉米生长受抑的缓解效应[J]. 植物生理学报, 2015, 51(10):1633-1639.
	Chen JW, Yu HJ, Li L, et al. Titanium oxide nanoparticles alleviate growth inhibition of maize under cadmium stress[J]. Plant Physiol J, 2015, 51(10):1633-1639.
[8]	吕继涛, 张淑贞. 人工纳米材料与植物的相互作用:植物毒性、吸收和传输[J]. 化学进展, 2013, 25(1):156-163.
	Lv JT, Zhang SZ. Interactions between manufactured nanomaterials and plants:phytotoxicity, uptake and translocation[J]. Prog Chem, 2013, 25(1):156-163.
[9]	Park S, Choi KS, Kim S, et al. Graphene oxide-assisted promotion of plant growth and stability[J]. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10(4):758. doi: 10.3390/nano10040758 URL
[10]	Cao Y, Zhang Q, Chen Y, et al. Identification of differential expression genes in leaves of rice(Oryza sativa L.)in response to heat stress by cDNA-AFLP analysis[J]. Biomed Res Int, 2013, 2013:576189.
[11]	刘尚杰. 石墨烯对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响[D]. 荆州: 长江大学, 2013.
	Liu SJ. The effects of graphene on the germination and seedling growth in rice[D]. Jingzhou: Yangtze University, 2013.
[12]	张鹏. 石墨烯对植物的毒性效应及机制研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江工商大学, 2015.
	Zhang P. Mechanisms of graphene toxicity to plants[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Gongshang University, 2015.
[13]	Paramo LA, Feregrino-Pérez AA, Guevara R, et al. Nanoparticles in agroindustry:applications, toxicity, challenges, and trends[J]. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10(9):1654. doi: 10.3390/nano10091654 URL
[14]	Zhang CL, Jiang HS, Gu SP, et al. Combination analysis of the physiology and transcriptome provides insights into the mechanism of silver nanoparticles phytotoxicity[J]. Environ Pollut, 2019, 252(b):1539-1549. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.032 URL
[15]	Maruri-López I, Jiménez-Bremont JF. Hetero- and homodimerization of Arabidopsis thaliana arginine decarboxylase AtADC1 and AtADC2[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2017, 484(3):508-513. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.083 URL
[16]	Peng Y, Chen L, Lu Y, et al. DAR2 Acts as an important node connecting cytokinin, auxin, SHY₂ and PLT1/2 in root meristem size control[J]. Plant Signal Behav, 2013, 8(6):e24226.
[17]	Okushima Y, Overvoorde PJ, ARIMA K, et al. Functional genomic analysis of the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR gene family members in Arabidopsis thaliana:unique and overlapping functions of ARF₇ and ARF₁₉[J]. Plant Cell, 2005, 17(2):444-463. pmid: 15659631
[18]	Raspor M, Motyka V, Ninković S, et al. Overexpressing AtCKX1 in potato plants grown in vitro:the effects on cytokinin composition and tuberization[J]. J Plant Growth Regul, 2021, 40(1):37-47. doi: 10.1007/s00344-020-10080-w URL
[19]	田特. 拟南芥AP2/ERF转录因子ERFⅡ-1和ERFⅡ-2调控植物侧根生长发育的研究[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2019.
	Tian T. AP2/ERF transcription factors ERFⅡ-1 and ERFⅡ-2 of Arabidopsis regulate plant lateral roots growth and development[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2019.
[20]	徐浩, 冯奕嘉, 范甜, 等. 拟南芥IQM3基因突变减少幼苗的侧根数量和增加主根长度[J]. 植物生理学报, 2019, 55(5):629-634.
	Xu H, Feng YJ, Fan T, et al. Disruption of IQM3 reduces the number of lateral roots and increases the length of primary root in Arabidopsis seedlings[J]. Plant Physiol J, 2019, 55(5):629-634.
[21]	Ratajczak K, Stobiecka M. Ternary interactions and energy transfer between fluorescein isothiocyanate, adenosine triphosphate, and graphene oxide nanocarriers[J]. J Phys Chem B, 2017, 121(28):6822-6830. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b04295 URL
[22]	Ratajczak K, Krazinski B, Kowalczyk A, et al. Optical biosensing system for the detection of survivin mRNA in colorectal cancer cells using a graphene oxide carrier-bound oligonucleotide molecular beacon[J]. Nanomaterials, 2018, 8(7):510. doi: 10.3390/nano8070510 URL