Mechanism of RNA Interference and Its Application in Animal Disease Research

Abstract

Abstract: RNA interference(RNAi)is a sequence-specific gene silencing mechanism in eukaryotes, which is believed to function as a defence against viruses and transposons. Since it is discovered, RNAi has been developed into an useful tool for studying gene function, it has great advantage over traditional vaccine and therapy in preventing animal diseases. Additionally, introduction of virus-specific small interfering RNA(siRNA)or short hairpin RNA(shRNA)into cells, thus programming the RNAi machinery to target viruses, is an effective therapeutic approach to inhibit virus replication in vitro and in animal models. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of RNAi and its application in animal diseases.

Key words: RNAi, siRNA, shRNA, Mechanism, Animal diseases

Fan Lu, Fan Jianming, Zhang Gaiping, Wang Aiping. Mechanism of RNA Interference and Its Application in Animal Disease Research[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2013, 0(6): 63-69.

References

[1] Fire A, Xu SQ, Montgomery MK, et al. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans[J]. Nature, 1998, 391(6669):806-811.
[2] Paddison PJ, Hannon GJ. siRNAs and shRNAs:skeleton keys to the human genome[J]. Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics, 2003, 5(3):217.
[3] Bernstein E, Caudy AA, Hammond SM, Hannon GJ. Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference[J]. Nature, 2001, 409(6818):363-365.
[4] Zamore PD, Tuschl T, Sharp PA, Bartel DP. RNAi::Double-stranded RNA directs the ATP-dependent cleavage of mRNA at 21 to 23 nucleotide intervals[J]. Cell, 2000, 101(1):25-33.
[5] Nyk?nen A, Haley B, Zamore PD. ATP requirements and small interfering RNA structure in the RNA interference pathway[J]. Cell, 2001, 107(3):309-321.
[6] Lewis DL, Hagstrom JE, Loomis AG, et al. Efficient delivery of siRNA for inhibition of gene expression in postnatal mice[J]. Nature Genetics, 2002, 32(1):107-108.
[7] Gil J, Esteban M. Induction of apoptosis by the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase(PKR):mechanism of action[J]. Apoptosis, 2000, 5(2):107-114.
[8] Katze MG, He Y, Gale M. Viruses and interferon:a fight for supremacy[J]. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2002, 2(9):675-687.
[9] Elbashir SM, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, et al. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells[J]. Nature, 2001, 411(6836):494-498.
[10] Caplen NJ, Parrish S, Imani F, et al. Specific inhibition of gene expression by small double-stranded RNAs in invertebrate and vertebrate systems[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2001, 98(17):9742-977.
[11] Sijen T, Fleenor J, Simmer F, et al. On the role of RNA amplifica-tion in dsRNA-triggered gene silencing[J]. Cell, 2001, 107(4):465-476.
[12] Brummelkamp TR, Bernards R, Agami R. A system for stable expression of short interfering RNAs in mammalian cells[J]. Science, 2002, 296(5567):550-553.
[13] Paddison PJ, Caudy AA, Bernstein E, et al. Short hairpin RNAs(shRNAs)induce sequence-specific silencing in mammalian cells[J]. Genes & Development, 2002, 16(8):948-958.
[14] Yu JY, DeRuiter SL, Turner DL. RNA interference by expression of short-interfering RNAs and hairpin RNAs in mammalian cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2002, 99(9):6047-6052.
[15] Sliva K, Schnierle BS. Stable integration of a functional shRNA expression cassette into the murine leukemia virus genome[J]. Virology, 2006, 351(1):218-225.
[16] Deroose CM, Reumers V, Gijsbers R, et al. Noninvasive monitoring of long-term lentiviral vector-mediated gene expression in rodent brain with bioluminescen ce imaging[J]. Molecular Therapy, 2006, 14(3):423-431.
[17] Unwalla HJ, Li MJ, Kim JD, et al. Negative feedback inhibition of HIV-1 by TAT-inducible expression of siRNA[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2004, 22(12):1573-1578.
[18] Abbas-Terki T, Blanco-Bose W, Déglon N, et al. Lentiviral-mediated RNA interference[J]. Human Gene Therapy, 2002, 13(18):2197-2201.
[19] Fish R, Kruithof E. Short-term cytotoxic effects and long-term instability of RNAi delivered using lentiviral vectors[J]. BMC Molecular Biology, 2004, 5(1):9.
[20] Hannon GJ, Rossi JJ. Unlocking the potential of the human genome with RNA interference[J]. Nature, 2004, 431(7006):371-378.
[21] Gimeno R, Weijer K, Voordouw A, et al. Monitoring the effect of gene silencing by RNA interference in human CD34^{+ cells injected into newborn RAG2^-/-γc^-/-mice:functional inactivation of p53 in developing T cells[J]. Blood, 2004, 104(13):3886-3893.
[22] Sledz CA, Williams BRG. RNA interference in biology and disease[J]. Blood, 2005, 106(3):787-794.
[23] Siolas D, Lerner C, Burchard J, et al. Synthetic shRNAs as potent RNAi triggers[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2005, 23(2):227-231.
[24] Kim DH, Behlke MA, Rose SD, et al. Synthetic dsRNA Dicer substrates enhance RNAi potency and efficacy[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2004, 23(2):222-226.
[25] Reinhart BJ, Slack FJ, Basson M, et al. The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans[J]. Nature, 2000, 403(6772):901-906.
[26] Morrissey DV, Blanchard K, Shaw L, et al. Activity of stabilized short interfering RNA in a mouse model of hepatitis B virus replication[J]. Hepatology, 2005, 41(6):1349-1356.
[27] McCaffrey AP, Nakai H, Pandey K, et al. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus in mice by RNA interference[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2003, 21(6):639-644.
[28] Jackson AL, Burchard J, Schelter J, et al. Widespread siRNA “off-target” transcript silencing mediated by seed region sequence complementarity[J]. RNA, 2006, 12(7):1179-1187.
[29] Xia H, Liu L, Wahlberg N, et al. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus:a Bayesian approach[J]. Virus Research, 2007, 130(1):53-62.
[30] Lambeth LS, Moore RJ, Muralitharan MS, Doran TJ. Suppression of bovine viral diarrhea virus replication by small interfering RNA and short hairpin RNA-mediated RNA interference[J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2007, 119(2):132-143.
[31] Lambeth L, Wise T, Moore R, et al. Comparison of bovine RNA polymerase III promoters for short hairpin RNA expression[J]. Animal Genetics, 2006, 37(4):369-672.
[32] Ni W, Hu S, Qiao J, et al. Suppression of bovine viral diarrhea virus replication by single and dual short hairpin RNA-mediated RNA interference[J]. Research in Veterinary Science, 2012, 93(1):544-548.
[33] Snijder EJ, Van Tol H, Pedersen KW, et al. Identification of a novel structural protein of arteriviruses[J]. Journal of Virology, 1999, 73(8):6335-6345.
[34] Chen J, Liu T, Zhu CG, et al. Genetic variation of Chinese PRRSV strains based on ORF5 sequence[J]. Biochemical Genetics, 2006, 44(9):421-431.
[35] Bao Y, Guo Y, Zhang L, et al. Inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication by RNA interference in MARC-145 cells[J]. Molecular Biology Reports, 2012, 39(3):2515-2522.
[36] Huang J, Jiang P, Li Y, et al. Inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication by short hairpin RNA in MARC-145 cells[J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2006, 115(4):302-310.
[37] Feng Q, Yu H, Liu Y, et al. Genome comparison of a novel foot-and-mouth disease virus with other FMDV strains[J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2004, 323(1):254-263.
[38] Xu YF, Shen HY, Zhao MQ, et al. Adenovirus-vectored shRNAs targeted to the highly conserved regions of VP1 and 2B in tandem inhibits replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus both in vitro and in vivo[J]. Journal of Virological Methods, 2012, 181(1):51-58.
[39] Luo J, Du J, Gao S, et al. Lentviral-mediated RNAi to inhibit target gene expression of the porcine integrin αv subunit, the FMDV receptor, and against FMDV infection in PK-15 cells[J]. Virology Journal, 2011, 8(1):428.}