Biotechnology Bulletin

Molecular Recognition and Counter-recognition Mechanism in Phytophthora sojae-host Interactions

TAN Xin-wei, JIN Yu-ting, LIU Mei-tong, WANG Qun-qing

2018, 34(2): 2-9. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2017-1051

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Root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae is a devastating disease in soybean. It is necessary to understand the molecular interaction between P.sojae and host for pathogenic analysis and providing scientific basis for the management strategy. Current research shows that plant active its innate immune system based on a two-branched recognizes,and the identification of “non-me” molecules correctly is the essential step of the activation. Meanwhile,as for the pathogens,which inhibit plant immunity by cooperation within effectors repertoire,avoid host recognition through kinds of molecular strategies. In this review,we summarized how soybean Rps genes mediated race-specific resistance loss,and the strategies of P.sojae effectors escape and destroy the host immune response. We further discussed the possibility of novel resistance screening and accurate breeding based on these molecular interaction mechanism.

Recent Advances in Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Responses Against Botrytis cinerea

ZHANG Yan, XIA Geng-shou, LAI Zhi-bing

2018, 34(2): 10-24. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0040

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Botrytis cinerea,the gray mold fungus,is a broad host-range necrotrophic agent. This necrotrophic fungus adopts diverse virulence strategies to aggress host plants. And correspondingly,defense responses of host plants are multifaceted and genetically quantitative. PTI is the important part of immune responses to B. cinerea. In this review,recent advances in signals eliciting PTI and recognition,transmission of B. cinerea signals,transcriptional factors and epigenetic modifications,plant hormone regulation,resistant cellular events and secondary metabolites are summarized. Elements and methods for applying in gray mold management practices are particularly pointed out,for the purpose of resolving problems resulted from using chemical pesticides only.

Recent Understanding on the Interactions Between Rice and Magnaporthe oryzae

HAN Yi-juan, LU Guo-dong

2018, 34(2): 25-37. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2017-0623

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As a grain,rice production affects the steady growth of global economy. Varied biological and abiotic stresses threaten the rice’s growth and development. Rice blast,caused by the filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae（syn. Pyricularia oryzae）of crucial agricultural pathogenic microorganism,is key disease of rice（Oryza sativa）in the world,resulting in the huge rice yield loss. Compared with the prevention and control by traditional chemical pesticides,breeding disease-resistant cultivars is a more environmental-friendly and effective method to protect rice from rice blast. Nevertheless,the length and range of planting disease-resistant rice cultivars are limited due to the highly-frequent mutations of M. oryzae isolates and the high complex of M. oryzae populations in field. Therefore,understanding rice disease-resistant mechanisms and pathogenic mechanisms of rice blast fungus are beneficial to formulate better prevention and control measures. Rice-M. oryzae interactions involved in different layers of plant innate immunity. Recent years, great progresses have been achieved in functional genomics of rice and M. oryzae. In this review,we mainly summarized the progresses on rice blast disease resistance mechanisms and defense signaling in rice. We also prospected the challenges and opportunities in future study of rice-M. oryzae interaction,and hope to promote further study on their interaction and provide reference for rice breeding for blast disease resistance.

Regulation and Expression of Genes Encoding the Type III Secretion System in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

FAN Su-su, TIAN Fang, HE Chen-yang

2018, 34(2): 38-44. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2017-1011

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The type III secretion system（T3SS）plays a crucial role in the virulence of plant pathogenic bacteria and their interactions with hosts. The hrp genes of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae（Xoo）are involved in the construction of T3SS,through which dozens of virulence-related proteins,called toxic effectors,are directly secreted into rice cells to suppress and disturb plant immune systems,or to induce plant-susceptible genes,thus successfully infecting plants. The expression of hrp genes is strictly regulated and induced only in certain nutrient-poor media of simulating rice inner environment. Two proteins,HrpG and HrpX,are known as key regulators for hrp and effector gene expression. Besides,many regulators are also involved in this regulation process,including two-component system（TCS）,transcriptional regulators,DNA/RNA binding proteins,carbohydrate metabolisms and c-di-GMP related proteins. In this review,we summarized the regulatory network and virulence mechanisms of T3SS in Xoo,in order to provide novel insights into the effective and sustainable disease control of bacterial blight of rice.

Advances in the Studies of Rice Grassy Stunt Virus

SHI Chao-nan, YANG Zhen, DING Zuo-mei, ZHANG Chao, WU Jian-guo

2018, 34(2): 45-53. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2017-1040

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Rice（Oryza sativa）is an uppermost food crop in the world,and the stability of rice production directly affects food security and social stability. Since the middle of the last century,however,rice production is frequently threatened by various kinds of rice viruses that are transmitted by insect vectors such as planthopper,leafhopper,etc. Rice grassy stunt virus（RGSV）is transmitted by small brown planthoppers（Nilaparvata lugens）in a circulative and propagative manner. The infected rice plants present typical disease symptoms such as stuntedness,excess tillering,and leaf yellowing with rusty spot. Based on the advances of studying RGSV in both domestic and abroad,this paper mainly summarized viral characteristic,common virus detection methods,genomic structure and function,exploration for mechanisms of symptom induction,and measures for controlling rice grassy stunt disease,and finally pointed out the issues in studying RGSV. In order to provide reference for the research of RGSV.

Research Progress on Multipartite Interactions Among Rhizosphere Microbe-Plants-Virus-Vector Insect

WANG Duan, YAO Xiang-mei, YE Jian

2018, 34(2): 54-65. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2017-1080

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In recent years,the frequent outbreak of varied diseases in agricultural crops,as well as the abuse and irrational use of fertilizers and pesticides have resulted in more severe agricultural issues,so that urgently needs more environmentally friendly and sustainable methods to achieve green plant protection. Plant viruses lead to severe damages to plants,which has been called as “cancer of plant” duo to extreme difficulties on its prevention and control and highly depending on the chemical pesticides to control vector insects. Crops in the agricultural ecosystem have evolved fine regulating mechanisms to maintain the information exchanges with surrounding harmful or beneficial organisms,and thus successfully grow well in the complex habitat. The outbreak and control of disease is the game process of resistance abstinence-counter among plant-pathogen-insect. Throughout their life cycle,plants interact and interconnect with a variety of organisms in habitats,which are conducive to or detrimental to their growth,development and reproduction. Exploring and studying the multipartite interaction mechanism of utilizing the plant rhizosphere microbiota to improve the resistances of plants against insect-transmitted diseases is conducive to better protecting plant health and increasing ecological civilization. Here we started to introduce research progresses on 4 interactive subsystems of plant-rhizosphere microorganisms,plant-virus,plant-insects,and plants-insects-virus,then exploited the known mechanisms of interconnections of all subsystems,and further discussed the trends and significances of having multipartite interactions on plant rhizosphere microbiota. Our aims are to completely and systematically understand interactions between plants and surrounding organisms,and thus to provide references and find new ideas in seeking green and sustainable measures of controlling plant insect-vector diseases based on the multipartite interaction mechanisms.

Study on the Production of Vitellogenin and Its Non-nutritional Functions

HUO Yan, CHEN Xiao-ying, FANG Rong-xiang, ZHANG Li-li

2018, 34(2): 66-73. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0003

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Vitellogenin（Vg）is the precursor of vitellin,providing essential nutrients and energy for the developing embryo in many oviparous animals. As an important nutrient protein in eggs,Vg’s structure and modification are very conserved in different animals. The mature Vgs contain an N-terminal domain（Vitellogenin_N,VitN）,a middle-region domain of unknown function（DUF）,a von Willebrand factor type D（vWD）C-terminal domain,and a conserved polyserine tracks. During the vitellogenesis stage and under the induction of hermones,Vg is abundantly expressed in the liver of vertebrate animals or the fat body of insects. After modification and proteolytic cleavage,the Vg subunits are assembled in tissues,secreted into the hemolymph and taken up by oocytes via receptor-mediated endocytosis. In the ovaries,the Vg subunits are further processed into mature york proteins. In addition to the classic nutrient transport,Vg exerts multiple non-nutritinal function during its transport. When Vg interacts with the viral capsid protein,the virus might be transported into the insect ovary via the uptake of Vg by developing oocytes. In hemolymph,Vg is able to play roles in immune responses,either as a pattern recognition molecule to recognize bacteria,or as an opsonin to enhance macrophage phagocytosis. Moreover,Vg has also been reported to be expressed by non-females and works in behavior regulation of insects. Here,we will review the main research progresses in Vg’s systhesis,processing,modification and its non-nutritional functions,including the functions in females and non-females. In order to provide the following Vg function.

Functions of Phytohormones During the Interactions Between Rice, Pathogens

KUANG Yong-jie, LIU Lang, YAN Fang, REN Bin, YAN Da-qi, ZHANG Da-wei, LIN Hong-hui, ZHOU Huan-bin

2018, 34(2): 74-86. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2017-1104

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Rice is the uppermost food crop,thus is critical in people’s living and national economy in China. The control of pathogens and pests is crucial in the rice production year by year. Therefore,understanding the mechanisms underlying the interaction between rice and its pathogens is meaningful and instructive for rice breeding and production. Phytohormones are small signaling compounds and essential in regulating the growth,development,and aging of plant. Recently,increasingly evidences indicate that plant endogenous phytohormones also play important roles in response to pathogen challenges. With more and more analysis of the mechanism of disease resistance and susceptibility in rice,the important function of plant hormones is becoming growingly clear. It is well known that salicylates（SAs）,jasmonates（JAs）,and ethylene（ET）,functioning in synergistic or antagonistic manners,are primarily involved in plant defense. Brassinosteroids（BRs）,gibberellins（GAs）,abscisic acid（ABA）,auxins（IAA）,and cytokinins（CKs）also function in plant defense,either alone or crosstalk with the primary defense hormones of SAs,JAs,and ET. This study reviewed the role of plant hormones in rice disease resistance or susceptibility,and prospected its future research in order to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of rice diseases.

Research Progress on Epigenetic Regulation in Rice/Arabidopsis Against Attack of Pathogenic Bacteria

XU Yi-hua, LI Qi-qin, LIU Lian-meng, WANG Ling, DING Xin-hua, HOU Yu-xuan, HUANG Shi-wen

2018, 34(2): 87-95. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2017-0793

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Epigenetic modification,which refers to regulate the gene expression by reversible covalent modifications of DNA and histone without altering the DNA sequences,plays very important roles in plant responses to biological or abiotic stresses as well as the adaptation to changing environment. Recently,emerging evidences have shown that epigenetic controlling is involved in the immune response of rice and Arabidopsis to pathogenic bacterial infection（including effect recognition,signal transduction,and rapid defense response）. In this review,we summarized the functions and molecular regulatory mechanisms of epigenetic modifications in defense responses against pathogenic bacteria in rice and Arabidopsis,such as genomic DNA methylation,histone modifications（methylation/demethylation,histone acetylation/deacetylation and ubiquitination）and small RNA. It helps to better understand epigenetic regulation in defense,and to provide theoretical support and gene resources for the crop breeding of disease resistance.

The Research Progress of Protein Acetylation in Plant Pathology

GUO Qian-qian, YANG Qian-qian, SONG Li-min, LIANG Wen-xing

2018, 34(2): 96-101. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0036

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Protein acetylation is a ubiquitous and reversibly regulated protein post-translational modification in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, which is regulated by lysine acetyltransferases and lysine deacetylases. It was involved in a variety of biological processes, including transcription, central metabolism, cell signalling and apoptosis. The detection technology of acetylation has developed rapidly and a large number of histone and non-histone proteins have been identified so far. Functional analysis of these acetylated proteins have also made certain progresses. This review summarizes the research status of protein acetylation in plant pathology, including plant disease resistance processes, plant pathogens and biocontrol bacteria. Moreover, future directions as well as the prospects of protein acetylation research were discussed.

Research Advances on Phytophthora infestans RXLR Effector Proteins

WANG Hong-yang, QIN Li-juan, TANG Wei, TIAN Zhen-dong

2018, 34(2): 102-111. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2017-0981

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Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans（Mont.）de Bary is one of the most destructive diseases for potatoes. To successful infect and colonize host plant,P. infestans secretes many RXLR effector proteins into plant cells to disturb plant’s immune responses. Researchers have paid much attentions on the RXLR protein structure,function and RXLR protein-target interaction investigations since the first P. infestans RXLR gene AVR3a was cloned in 2005. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology and effectoromics technology,the molecular mechanisms by which these RXLR effectors suppress plant immune responses have been greatly progressed. The recent convergence of RXLR effector proteins,leading a better understanding on the molecular mechanism of P. infestans-potato interaction,will provide perspectives for future potato disease resistance and breeding. Here we review the research progress on P. infestans RXLR effector proteins,especially focusing on the new findings in cloning,localization,variation and functional mechanism of AVR genes. We further discuss several important research directions on RXLR effectors in the future.

Effectors and Their Involvement in Pathogenicity of Wheat Stripe Rust Fungus

LIU Xiu-feng, YUAN Wen-ya, SUN Zhen-yu, LIANG Dan, SHI Xiao-wei

2018, 34(2): 112-120. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2017-0472

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The complex molecules called effectors are secreted during the process of competition and evolution between pathogens and host plants,and they escape or subvert hosts defense responses,as well as interfere with various physiological processes of the host,subsequently,which is beneficial to increase the pathogen’s capacity of fitness,propagation and long-distance migration. Over two thousands of candidate effectors were predicted in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici（Pst）based on the genome or transcriptome sequences,however,few have been analyzed for their effector function because of lacking an efficient and reliable system for stable transformation. In this paper,we summarized the current knowledge of effectors for its classification and structure characterization,and explained the molecular basis of interaction between Pst and host,along with technological methods suitable for function analysis in Pst. Also we considered the relationship between the targeted subcellular compartments of hosts and pathogenesis. These progresses may help comprehensively understand the biology of the effectors,and may be beneficial to offer further insights into the pathogenesis in Pst and to contribute new strategies for durably controlling this disease.

Research Advances on Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus and Its Control Strategy

LI Jing-na, WANG Nai-shun, SONG Wei, ZHAO Jiu-ran, XING Jin-feng

2018, 34(2): 121-127. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2017-0770

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Maize chlorotic mottle virus（Mcmv）is a sole member of the genus Machlomovirus in the family Tombusviridae. It can be transmitted by mechanical means,seeds and insect vectors. Single infections of Mcmv cause only mild symptoms while solely infecting maize. While co-infecting maize with the viruses in the family Potyviridae,such as maize dwarf mosaic virus（Mdmv）,sugarcane mosaic virus（Scmv）or wheat streak mosaic virus（Wsmv）,it would cause serious maize disease - maize lethal necrosis disease（Mlnd）,resulting in heavy yield loss of maize. Mcmv is widely distributed around the world,posing severe threat to the maize industry. In-depth understanding Mcmv and control measures are critical to the healthy development of maize industry. In this paper,we review the research advances of Mcmv including its biological characteristics,distribution and harm,identification and detection,genome structure and function,and discuss the strategy of controlling Mcmv in order to provide theoretical guidance for in-depth research and comprehensive prevention of Mcmv.

Control Effects of 56 Extracts of Chinese Traditional Medicine on Cotton Wilt Disease

JIANG Lan, PANG Jin-huan, XIAO Wei-lie, ZHANG Guo-li, LIU Jun, YANG Chao

2018, 34(2): 128-134. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0025

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The bacteriostatic activity and control effects of 56 extracts from Chinese traditional medicine were screened and determined in order to acquire the ingredients that may effectively suppress the mycelial growth of Verticillium dahlia and increase the control effects on cotton wilt disease. The results of growth rate showed that the inhibition rate on V. dahlia mycelial growth by 26 of all tested 56 extracts was up to 50%,which were mainly distributed in 9 medicinal plants of Schisandra chinensis（Turcz.）baill,Schisandra propinqua var. sinensis,Manglietiastrum sinicum,Euphorbia sikkimensics,etc. Further,the cotton plants were treated by the extracts and the statistics of disease index and control effect was conducted. The results explained that the chloroform：acetone（3∶2,V/V）extract of S. chinensis（sampled from Heilongjiang province）presented significant control effects to cotton wilt disease. The stem dissection revealed that the extract effectively suppressed the browning of vascular bundle caused by wilt disease,and the symptom of leaf-falling from wilt disease in whole plant was significantly alleviated. The above data indicate that the chloroform：acetone（3∶2,V/V）extract from S. chinensis not only effectively inhibits the growth of V. dahlia in vitro,but also induces the resistance in cotton,thus decreases the browning of vascular bundle and alleviates the occurrence of cotton wilt disease..

Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Fungi of Strawberry Root Rot and the Inhibition of Antagonistic Bacteria CM3 on These Fungi

CHEN Zhe, HUANG Jing, ZHAO Jia, HAO Yao-shan, LIANG Hong

2018, 34(2): 135-141. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2017-0974

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In this paper,two fungi FC2016-3 and FC2016-7 were successfully isolated from the diseased root of strawberry,and identified as Fusarium oxysporum. Bacillus amyloliquefacien CM3 presented obvious inhibitory effect on FC2016-3 and FC2016-7,and also had a promising inhibitory effect on other soil borne pathogens. The results of pot experiment showed that the control effect of strain CM3 on strawberry root rot caused by F. oxysporum FC2016-7 was up to 64.86%,and strain CM3 also demonstrated the ability of promoting root growth of strawberry. This study reveals that strain CM3 is a strain that can prevent soil borne disease and simultaneously promote plant growth,therefore,it is appropriate for the development of microbial preparation.

Identification of NBS-LRR-like Disease-resistant Genes in Cinnamomum camphora and Clone of Two CcRNL Genes

ZHENG Yong-jie, WU Yan-fang, LI Jiang, ZHANG Ting, WANG Xin-dong

2018, 34(2): 142-149. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2017-0570

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Cinnamomum camphora is an germplasm resource with excellent resistance against pathogens in nature. Based on transcriptome data of C. camphora leaf tissue,the disease-resistant genes（R）of NBS（nucleotide-binding site）family were identified,and the physic-chemical properties,motifs and phylogenetic relationship of encoded putative proteins were analyzed through bioinformatics analysis. As results showed,28 NBS-like disease-resistant genes with complete encoding frame were identified from leaf transcriptome of C. camphora leaf tissue. The lengths of ORF ranged in 2 118-3 378 bp,and the estimated isoelectric point of putative proteins were in 5.35-9.03. The 8 motifs were identified in the NBS domain. The 28 R genes were divided into 5 subgroups based on the phylogenetic analysis. Additionally,2 RNL genes were cloned by PCR and designated as CcRNL1 and CcRNL2. The two genes shared 71% similarity in amino acid sequence,and there was RPW8-like conservative motif in the N-terminal of the polypeptides,indicating that they might have broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew as gene RPW8 in Arabidopsis thaliana has. Analyzing the young leaves from powdery mildew-infected C. camphora and normal one,the results revealed that CcRNL1 expressed by the induction of powdery mildew in C. camphora,therefore it was inferred to be involved in the response to stress process of powdery mildew pathogens.

Inheritance Analysis of Resistance to Aphid（Myzus persicae）for Pepper Cultivar “Zhudachang”

LIANG Xiao, WU Chun-ling, CHEN Qing

2018, 34(2): 150-156. doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2017-0711

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Myzus persicae（sulzer）is the major pest in pepper production. Excavating aphid-resistant germplasm resources,clarifying the genetic law and promoting the cultivation of resistant varieties is the important strategy for aphid control. In this study, the aphid-resistant pepper cultivar “Zhudachang” and aphid-susceptible pepper cultivar “Dayangjiaojiao”were used as parent material to develop the genetic population,moreover,the inherited aphid-resistant character of hybrid progeny was analyzed. The results showed that the reciprocal-hybrid F₁ was highly resistant to aphid,while the resistant and susceptible plants in F₂ hybrid fit the separation ratio of 3∶1. In addition,the activities of polyphenol oxidase（PPO）and peroxidase（POD）in aphid-resistant parent,reciprocal-hybrid F₁ and F₂ hybrid of “Zhudachang”significantly increased when infested by aphid,while the activities in either aphid-susceptible parent or reciprocal-hybrid F₂ showed no significant difference. These results indicated that the resistance of pepper to aphid was controlled by dominant single gene,which was stably inherited;besides,the increased activities of PPO and POD was highly correlated to aphid resistance.

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2018, 34(2): 300.

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