细胞内mRNA翻译影响因素及翻译组学的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2021-1630

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

蛋白质是细胞重要的组成成分，是生命活动的主要承担者，其合成依赖高度复杂、精确的翻译体系。已有文献表明mRNA的表达与蛋白质的表达水平并不高度相关，其中一个重要影响因素便是mRNA在翻译为蛋白质的过程中其速率并不相同。翻译速率是决定蛋白质表达量的关键，也是影响蛋白质结构和功能的因素之一。因此，本研究在总结概括真核、原核细胞内mRNA翻译机制的基础上，进一步综述了影响翻译速率的主要因素及当前探究翻译和翻译速率的主要技术手段，旨在为今后生物体内翻译机制的探究提供参考价值。

关键词: 翻译调控, 蛋白质, 翻译速率, 翻译组

Abstract:

Protein is an important component of cells and the main undertaker of life activities. Its synthesis highly relies on complex and precise translation systems. Previous studies have shown that the correlation between mRNA expression and protein expression level is low. One of important factors is that mRNA is not translated into protein at the same rate. Translation rate is the key to determining protein expression，and also affects protein structure and function. Therefore，on the basis of summarizing the mechanism of mRNA translation in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells，this study further summarized the main factors affecting translation rate and the main technical means of studying translation and translation rate，aiming to provide reference value for the study of translation mechanism in vivo in the future.

Key words: translation regulation, protein, translation rate, translatome

马荣, 尚方正, 潘剑锋, 戎友俊, 王敏, 李金泉, 张燕军. 细胞内mRNA翻译影响因素及翻译组学的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2022, 38(12): 115-126.

MA Rong, SHANG Fang-zheng, PAN Jian-feng, RONG You-jun, WANG Min, LI Jin-quan, ZHANG Yan-jun. Research Progress in Influencing Factors of mRNA Translation in Cells and Translatome[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2022, 38(12): 115-126.

图/表 7

图1 真核细胞内mRNA翻译机制

Fig. 1 mRNA translation mechanism in eukaryotic cells

图2 原核细胞内mRNA翻译机制

Fig. 2 mRNA translation mechanism in prokaryotic cells

图3 ReIA在SD区介导的翻译起始抑制

Fig. 3 Inhibition of translation initiation mediated by ReIA in SD region

图4 核糖体开关对xpt-pbuX的调控

Fig. 4 Regulation of xpt-pbuX by ribosomal switch

图5 Ago2蛋白对翻译起始的抑制机制

Fig. 5 Mechanism of Ago2 protein on the inhibition of translation initiation

表1 翻译组研究技术比较

Table 1 Comparison of techniques in translatome

项目 Item	聚核糖体图谱技术 Polysome profiling	翻译谱分析技术 RNC-RNA-Seq	核糖体图谱技术 Ribosome profiling	核糖体亲和纯化技术 RAP
技术原理	放线菌酮固定、蔗糖密度梯度离心法	放线菌酮固定、单一浓度蔗糖密度离心法	RNase I降解不被核糖体保护的RNA片段、蔗糖密度梯度离心法	在被组织性启动子启动的蛋白的C末端上连接亲和标签、抗原抗体反应
mRNA长度	全长	全长	核糖体覆盖片段	全长
测序方式	芯片、测序	芯片、测序	芯片	芯片、测序
获取核糖体位置、密度、起始密码子位置、uORFs等	不能	多不能	能	不能
同一mRNA上核糖体数目的获取	能	不能	不能	不能

图6 翻译组研究技术流程

Fig. 6 Technical process of translationomics

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