日本转基因作物安全管理制度概况及进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2020-0604

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

日本目前没有实行转基因作物的商业化种植,但是每年会从美国、巴西及加拿大进口大量的转基因玉米、大豆和油菜籽等转基因作物,有些情况与我国非常相似。日本现行的转基因作物安全管理制度是按照转基因作物的特性和用途,将转基因生物安全管理分为实验室研究阶段安全管理、食品安全评价、饲料安全评价和环境安全评价4个阶段,也类似于我国实行的分类、分级、分阶段安全评价管理政策。2020年初,日本制定了有关基因编辑食品和农产品的指南,这对我国制定相关安全管理指南有一定借鉴意义。本文介绍了日本转基因作物研发和应用、转基因作物的安全管理、进口产品追溯以及基因编辑管理情况,旨在全面了解日本的转基因作物安全管理制度。

关键词: 安全管理, 产品追溯, 基因编辑

Abstract:

Currently there has not been the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops in Japan,but Japan imports a large amount of genetically modified crops such as genetically modified corns,soybeans,and rapeseed every year from the United States,Brazil,and Canada,similar to some of the situation in China. The current safety management system for genetically modified crops in Japan divides into four stages based on their features and application：safety management in lab studies,food safety assessment,feed safety assessment and environmental safety assessment,which is also similar to the classification,grading,and staging policies implemented in China. At the beginning of 2020,Japan formulated guidelines on gene editing foods and agricultural products,which can be used as a reference for China in terms of gene editing management. This article reviews the safety management of genetically modified crops,particularly in the areas of the development and application of genetically modified crops,the traceability of imported products,and the management of gene editing,to better understand the safety management system of genetically modified crops in Japan.

Key words: safety management, product traceability, gene editing

黄耀辉, 焦悦, 付仲文. 日本转基因作物安全管理制度概况及进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2021, 37(3): 99-106.

HUANG Yao-hui, JIAO Yue, FU Zhong-wen. Overview and Progress of Japan Safety Management System of Genetically Modified Crops[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2021, 37(3): 99-106.

图/表 2

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批准类型	审查部门	评判部门	法律依据	评审要点
食用	转基因食品专家委员会	内阁办公室食品安全委员会	食品安全基本法	1.受体生物、基因及载体的安全性 2.新产生蛋白的安全性,尤其是其致敏性 3.非预期效应 4.食品主要营养成分改变的可能性
饲用	农业材料理事会	农林水产省动物产品安全部	饲料安全和质量提高法	1.与传统作物相比,在饲用方面的显著差异 2.产生毒性物质的可能性（特别是关于该转化事件与动物代谢系统之间的相互作用）
对生物多样性影响	生物多样性影响评价研讨会	农林水产省植物产品安全部	保护生物多样性法律	1.竞争优势 2.产生毒性物质的可能性 3.与其他生物杂交的可能性

批准类型	审查部门	评判部门	法律依据	评审要点
食用	转基因食品专家委员会	内阁办公室食品安全委员会	食品安全基本法	1.受体生物、基因及载体的安全性 2.新产生蛋白的安全性,尤其是其致敏性 3.非预期效应 4.食品主要营养成分改变的可能性
饲用	农业材料理事会	农林水产省动物产品安全部	饲料安全和质量提高法	1.与传统作物相比,在饲用方面的显著差异 2.产生毒性物质的可能性（特别是关于该转化事件与动物代谢系统之间的相互作用）
对生物多样性影响	生物多样性影响评价研讨会	农林水产省植物产品安全部	保护生物多样性法律	1.竞争优势 2.产生毒性物质的可能性 3.与其他生物杂交的可能性