多聚磷酸盐在微生物抗环境胁迫中的作用及机制

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2023-0625

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

抗环境胁迫是微生物提高环境适应性和增加生存机会的一个重要策略，探明微生物抗环境胁迫的过程及分子机制对于了解微生物进化和开发微生物资源具有重要意义。多聚磷酸盐（polyphosphate, polyP）在微生物抗环境胁迫中发挥重要作用。在营养限制条件下，polyP可充当微生物的能源来源和信号分子，增强微生物对低营养环境的适应能力。在微生物应对环境胁迫过程中，polyP可作为蛋白质的伴侣，通过蛋白质修饰改变蛋白质结构使其免受失活，从而维持其功能完整性。polyP具有金属螯合能力，可提高微生物对重金属胁迫的抵抗能力。微生物能通过调节polyP的合成来适应环境pH的改变，调节酸碱胁迫过程中的能量消耗。基于polyP抗环境胁迫的特性，通过转基因技术，把polyP合成相关基因转入到农作物中，可以增加农作物体内polyP含量，从而提高农作物抗环境胁迫的能力。利用含有polyP的微生物处理重金属废水，可极大地提高重金属离子的去除效率。同时，微生物中合成的polyP颗粒也能进一步开发为生物活性产品。因此，polyP在微生物抗胁迫中发挥多样化作用，通过各种分子途径提高微生物对环境胁迫的耐受性。加强polyP在微生物抗环境胁迫中的作用与机制研究，不仅丰富微生物抗环境胁迫的研究内容，而且为多聚磷酸盐类生物活性物质的工程应用提供技术支撑。

关键词: 微生物, 多聚磷酸盐, 聚磷颗粒, 环境胁迫, 抗逆机制, 转多聚磷酸盐激酶基因, 多聚磷酸盐资源开发

Abstract:

The ability of microorganisms resisting to environmental stresses is an essential strategy for enhancing their adaptability and survival in adversity. In order to understand microbial development and use microbial resources, it is necessary to probe the processes and molecular mechanisms underpinning microbial stresses response. Polyphosphate（polyP）plays an important role in the resistance of microorganisms to environmental stresses. polyP acts as a signalling molecule and energy source to increase the adaptation of microorganisms to low nutrient environment if nutrients are in deficiency. To respond to environmental stresses, microorganisms can utilize polyP as a chaperone of protein to decrease the alteration of protein structure by modifying it to maintain its function. Additionally, polyP is metal chelator to increase the resistance of microorganisms to heavy metal stress. Furthermore, microorganisms can balance sharp changes in environmental pH by controlling polyP synthesis while they can regulate energy consumption during acid and alkali stresses. Based on the properties of polyP, transduced genes related to polyP synthesis can increase its content in crops,and thus their resistances to environmental stresses are improved. Microorganisms with polyP synthesis can be used to treat heavy metal-containing wastewater, the removal efficiency of heavy metal ions increases significantly. Additionally, polyP particles synthesized by microbe can be further used as bioactive products. Thus, polyP plays a diverse role in the stress resistance of microorganisms to enhance their tolerance to environmental stress through various molecular pathways. Further understanding the role and mechanism of polyP in microbial resistances to environmental stresses is not only enriching the research on microbial resistance to environmental stress, and also providing technical support for the engineering application of polyphosphate bioactive substances.

Key words: microorganism, polyphosphate, polyphosphate particles, environmental stresses, mechanism of resistance to stress, transgenic polyphosphate kinase gene, polyphosphate resource development

王晨宇, 周楚源, 何堤, 樊梓豪, 王梦梦, 杨柳燕. 多聚磷酸盐在微生物抗环境胁迫中的作用及机制[J]. 生物技术通报, 2023, 39(11): 168-181.

WANG Chen-yu, ZHOU Chu-yuan, HE Di, FAN Zi-hao, WANG Meng-meng, YANG Liu-yan. Role and Mechanism of Polyphosphate in the Microbial Response to Environmental Stresses[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2023, 39(11): 168-181.

图/表 3

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胁迫类型 Type of stress	PolyP抗胁迫机制 Mechanism of polyP-mediated resistance to stress	文献 References
高温 High temperature	（1）使不耐热的α-螺旋蛋白质转化成耐热的β-中间体Converting thermolabile α-helical proteins into heat-resistant β-intermediates （2）结合热休克蛋白，参与其折叠调节Binding heat shock proteins and regulating their folding	[42] [44]
酸碱 Acid and alkali	通过酶解polyP释放质子来中和碱性环境 Neutralisation of the alkaline environment by enzymolysis of polyP to release protons	[50]
渗透压 Osmotic pressure	（1）被碱性蛋白调控，影响细胞生长和分裂Regulated by basic proteins, affecting cell growth and division （2）结合Ca²⁺，改变生物膜延展性和刚性Binding Ca²⁺ and altering membrane ductility and rigidity	[53] [21]
重金属离子 Heavy metal ion	（1）螯合重金属离子Chelating heavy metal ions （2）对于未知重金属配体起中介作用Mediating role for unknown heavy metal ligands	[57] [66]
紫外线 Ultraviolet ray	（1）改变细胞壁结构，合成外膜或EPS Changing the structure of the cell wall and synthesizing the outer membrane or EPS （2）结合蛋白质，促进其折叠或防止其自我聚集 Binding proteins to promote their folding or prevents their self-aggregation （3）结合水，促进悬浮和凝胶Binding water and promoting suspension and gelation	[73] [76⇓⇓⇓-80] [81]
贫营养 Oligotrophic	（1）积聚在蛋白质周围，防止其失活Accumulating around proteins to prevent their inactivation （2）维持ADP和ATP调节的电子流Maintenance of ADP- and ATP-regulated electron flow （3）受（p）ppGpp、RpoS和PhoB综合调节Regulated by a combination of（p）ppGpp, RpoS and PhoB	[46] [90] [92]
干旱 Droughts	分泌并保留细胞壁外的EPS，结合大量水，增加持水性 Secreting and retaining EPS outside the cell wall, and binding a large amount of water to increase water-holding capacity	[96]

胁迫类型 Type of stress	PolyP抗胁迫机制 Mechanism of polyP-mediated resistance to stress	文献 References
高温 High temperature	（1）使不耐热的α-螺旋蛋白质转化成耐热的β-中间体Converting thermolabile α-helical proteins into heat-resistant β-intermediates （2）结合热休克蛋白，参与其折叠调节Binding heat shock proteins and regulating their folding	[42] [44]
酸碱 Acid and alkali	通过酶解polyP释放质子来中和碱性环境 Neutralisation of the alkaline environment by enzymolysis of polyP to release protons	[50]
渗透压 Osmotic pressure	（1）被碱性蛋白调控，影响细胞生长和分裂Regulated by basic proteins, affecting cell growth and division （2）结合Ca²⁺，改变生物膜延展性和刚性Binding Ca²⁺ and altering membrane ductility and rigidity	[53] [21]
重金属离子 Heavy metal ion	（1）螯合重金属离子Chelating heavy metal ions （2）对于未知重金属配体起中介作用Mediating role for unknown heavy metal ligands	[57] [66]
紫外线 Ultraviolet ray	（1）改变细胞壁结构，合成外膜或EPS Changing the structure of the cell wall and synthesizing the outer membrane or EPS （2）结合蛋白质，促进其折叠或防止其自我聚集 Binding proteins to promote their folding or prevents their self-aggregation （3）结合水，促进悬浮和凝胶Binding water and promoting suspension and gelation	[73] [76⇓⇓⇓-80] [81]
贫营养 Oligotrophic	（1）积聚在蛋白质周围，防止其失活Accumulating around proteins to prevent their inactivation （2）维持ADP和ATP调节的电子流Maintenance of ADP- and ATP-regulated electron flow （3）受（p）ppGpp、RpoS和PhoB综合调节Regulated by a combination of（p）ppGpp, RpoS and PhoB	[46] [90] [92]
干旱 Droughts	分泌并保留细胞壁外的EPS，结合大量水，增加持水性 Secreting and retaining EPS outside the cell wall, and binding a large amount of water to increase water-holding capacity	[96]