丝状真菌生物富集重金属废水的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2017-0516

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 重金属废水是对环境污染最严重和对人类危害最大的工业废水之一。丝状真菌生物富集重金属是处理废水的一种重要的方法，近十几年来一直是研究热点。首先介绍了去除废水中重金属的常规方法：化学沉淀法、离子交换法和吸附法的优缺点。尤其是生物吸附法的独特优点：吸附剂材料廉价，耗费少，吸附重金属离子效率高，适用条件广，生物体吸附剂可重复使用，特别适合于微量重金属废水的处理；其次，介绍了应用到富集重金属的丝状真菌种类，如根霉（Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺、Cr⁵⁺）、毛霉（Pb²⁺、Ni²⁺、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺）、曲霉（Pb²⁺）、木霉（Zn²⁺、Pb²⁺）和担子菌（Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺）等都在重金属废水中取得较理想的效果；介绍了生物富集重金属的机理，主要是细胞外、细胞表面和细胞内富集重金属离子的机理；最后介绍了影响生物富集重金属效果的几种因素：pH值、重金属离子初始浓度和吸附剂的比例、富集温度、共存离子，展望了丝状真菌富集重金属的研究，旨为推广丝状真菌在富集重金属废水中的应用，并为即将投入新品种的丝状真菌富集重金属的研究奠定基础。

关键词: 丝状真菌, 生物富集, 机理, 展望

Abstract: Wastewater containing heavy metals is the one that most seriously pollutes environment and damages human health. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by filamentous fungi is an important mean for processing heavy metal wastewater，and it has been a hot research topic in recent years. Firstly，the advantages and disadvantages of conventional methods of removing heavy metals from wastewater were reviewed，including chemical precipitation，ion exchange and adsorption. Among them，biosorption owns special advantages，such as low price and low consumption of biosorbents，its high effectiveness in absorbing the heavy metal ions，wide application and biosorbents reusable，thus biosorption is particularly suitable for the treatment of trace heavy metal wastewater. Secondly，the types of filamentous fungi that were applied to the removal of heavy metals were introduced，such as Rhicopus（Pb²⁺，Cd²⁺，and Cr^{5+），Mucor（Pb²⁺，Ni²⁺，Cd²⁺，and Zn²⁺），Aspergillus（Pb²⁺），Trichoderma（Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺），and Basidiomycota（Cu²⁺，Pb²⁺，and Cd²⁺）；they all presented ideal results in removing heavy metals. Thirdly，the mechanisms of bioaccumulation were summarized，mainly about extracellular，cell surface，and intracellular absorption of heavy metals. Lastly，the several factors affecting the efficiency of removing heavy metals（pH，initial concentration of heavy metal ions，proportion of adsorbent，temperature，and coexisted ions）were discussed，as well as the future of studying filamentous fungi was prospected. It is aimed at expanding the application of filamentous fungi in the heavy metal accumulation from wastewater and laying a foundation for initiating new types of filamentous fungi in accumulating heavy metal from wastewater.}

Key words: filamentous fungi, bioaccumulation, mechanisms, prospect

马燕, 余晓斌. 丝状真菌生物富集重金属废水的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2017, 33(10): 59-63.

MA Yan, YU Xiao-bin. Research Progress on Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Wastewater by Filamentous Fungi[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2017, 33(10): 59-63.

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