梨火疫病生防菌的筛选、鉴定及防效测定

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0862

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的梨火疫病是由解淀粉欧文氏菌（Erwinia amylovora）侵染引起的细菌性病害，对梨和苹果产业构成重大威胁。从山梨（Crataegus cuneata）以及新疆野苹果（Malus sieversii）的枝条内筛选出对E. amylovora具有较强拮抗作用的菌株，为E. amylovora的生物防治提供菌种资源。方法采用平板对峙法筛选对E. amylovora具有拮抗效果的菌株，结合生理生化反应、16S rDNA和rpoB基因测序对拮抗菌进行鉴定，确定其分类地位；通过甲醇抽提法获得拮抗菌KX1对E. amylovora具有抑制作用的体外抑菌物质；利用薄层层析（TLC）对活性成分进行分离；采用液相色谱-质谱联用（LC-MS）技术对上清液中脂肽类物质进行鉴定；对菌株KX1的全基因组数据进行生物信息学分析，探究其次级代谢产物基因簇；对库尔勒香梨（Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü）离体叶片、枝条和幼果进行温室防效测定。结果分离得到7株对E. amylovora具有较强拮抗作用的菌株，其中KX1的拮抗效果最强，结合生理生化特性、16S rDNA以及rpoB基因序列分析，菌株KX1被鉴定为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌（Bacillus velezensis）。菌株KX1的甲醇提取物中含有脂肽类物质，TLC及LC-MS分析表明脂肽类物质主要是表面活性素（surfactin）。脂肽粗提物在不同温度、pH以及储存时间处理后均能保持抑菌活性。菌株KX1的基因组大小为4.1 Mb，GC含量为46.33％。antiSMASH预测到1个次级代谢产物基因簇与丰原素相关的基因簇同源性为80%。温室防效测定结果表明，接种菌株KX1后，库尔勒香梨的幼果、叶片及枝条在保护性试验中的病情指数均显著降低，其防效分别为100%、55.33%和70.65%，且保护性防效优于治疗性防效。结论贝莱斯芽胞杆菌KX1能有效抑制E. amylovora的活性，具有一定的生防潜力。

关键词: 梨火疫病, 拮抗菌, 贝莱斯芽胞杆菌, 生物防治, 防治效果

Abstract:

Objective Pear fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, is a destructive bacterial disease causing a significant threat to pear and apple industries. This study aimed to screen strains with strong antagonistic activity against E. amylovora from the branches of Crataegus cuneata and Malus sieversii, providing microbial resources for the biological control of E. amylovora. Method The plate confrontation method was applied to screen the antagonistic strains against E. amylovora. The physiological and biochemical tests, 16S rDNA and rpoB gene sequencing were to determine the taxonomic status of these antagonistic strains. The methanol extractionwas to obtain in vitro antibacterial substances inhibiting E. amylovora. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to separate active components, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify the lipopeptide types in the fermentation broth. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted on the whole-genome data of KXI strain to explore its secondary metabolite gene clusters. The greenhouse control efficacy was tested on detached leaves, twigs, and young fruits of Korla fragrant pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü). Result Seven strains with strong antagonistic activity against E. amylovora were isolated, among which KX1 showed the strongest antagonistic effect. Based on physiological and biochemical characteristics, 16S rDNA and rpoB gene sequence analysis, strain KX1 was identified as Bacillus velezensis. Preliminary detection revealed that the methanol extract of the B. velezensis KX1 contained lipopeptides, and TLC and LC-MS analysis revealed that surfactins were the major component of the lipopeptides. The crude lipopeptide extract retained antibacterial activity after treatments with different temperatures, pH values, storage times. The genome of strain KX1 was 4.1 Mb in size with a GC content of 46.33%. antiSMASH predicted that one secondary metabolite gene cluster shared 80% homology with the gene cluster related to fengycin. Greenhouse control efficacy tests showed that the disease index of immature Korla fragrant pear young fruits, leaves, and twigs in the protective experiment significantly reduced after inoculation with strain KX1. The disease prevention effects was 100%, 55.33%, and 70.65%, respectively, with protective efficacy being superior to therapeutic efficacy. Conclusion Bacillus velezensis KX1 effectively inhibit the activity of E. amylovora and has potential for biological control applications.

Key words: pear fire blight, antagonistic bacteria, Bacillus velezensis, biological control, control efficacy

张蔓, 党静波, 蒋媛, 位杰, 邢杰, 王哲, 孙黎. 梨火疫病生防菌的筛选、鉴定及防效测定[J]. 生物技术通报, 2026, 42(1): 279-293.

ZHANG Man, DANG Jing-bo, JIANG Yuan, WEI Jie, XING Jie, WANG Zhe, SUN Li. Screening， Identification and Efficacy Determination of Biocontrol Bacteria against Pear Fire Blight[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(1): 279-293.

图/表 13

表1 实验中所使用的引物列表

Table 1 List of primers used in this study

项目

Item

引物名称Primer name

引物序列

Primer sequence （5′-3′）

目的片段大小

Length of target fragment （bp）

16S rDNA^［32］

27F

1492R

AGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG

GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT

1 500

rpoB^［33-34］

2292F

3354R

AGGTCAACTAGTTCAGTATGGAC

AAGAACCGTAACCGGCAACTT

500

枯草杆菌蛋白酶

Subtilisin

Qk1F

Qk1R

CTTAAACGTCAGAGGCGGAG

ATTGTGCAGCTGCTTGTACG

704

表面活性素

Surfactin

srfAAF

srfAA R

GAAAGAGCGGCTGCTGAAAC

CCCAATATTGCCGCAATGAC

273

丰原素

Fengycin

fenDF

fenDR

CCTGCAGAAGGAGAAGTGAAG

TGCTCATCGTCTTCCGTTTC

293

伊枯草菌素

Iturin

ituCF

ituCR

TTCACTTTTGATCTGGCGAT

CGTCCGGTACATTTTCAC

575

枯草菌素

Subtilin

spasF

spasR

GGTTTGTTGGATGGAGCTGT

GCAAGGAGTCAGAGCAAGGT

375

假定蛋白

Yndj

yndjF

yndjR

CAGAGCGACAGCAATCACAT

TGAATTTCGGTCCGCTTATC

212

图1 拮抗菌筛选及对E. amylovora C1的抑制效果A：7株菌对E. amylovora C1的拮抗作用；B：7株菌的抑菌圈直径。不同字母代表差异显著（P<0.05），下同

Fig. 1 Screening of antagonistic bacteria and the inhibitory effect against E. amylovora C1A: Antagonism of seven strains against E. amylovora C1. B: Diameters of inhibition zones of seven strains. Different letters indicate significant different (P<0.05). The same below

表2 拮抗菌的生理生化特性

Table 2 Physiological and biochemical characteristics of antagonistic bacteria

菌株Strain	形状Shape	菌落颜色Color of colony	能动性Motility	革兰氏染色Gram staining	淀粉水解Starch hydrolysis	V-P试验V-P test	MR试验MR test	硝酸盐还原试验Nitrate reduction test	靛基质试验Indole test	接触酶试验Catalase test
KX1	杆状Rod	白色White	+	+	+	-	+	-	-	+
KX2	杆状Rod	白色White	+	+	+	-	+	-	-	+
KX3	杆状Rod	白色White	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	+
P1	杆状Rod	白色White	+	+	+	-	+	-	-	+
P2	杆状Rod	白色White	+	+	+	-	+	-	-	+
P3	杆状Rod	白色White	+	+	+	-	+	-	-	+
Z4	杆状Rod	白色White	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	+

图2 基于16S rDNA与rpoB基因的7株拮抗菌系统发育树

Fig. 2 Phylogenetic tree construction of 7 antagonistic strains based on 16S rDNA and rpoB genes

图3 7株拮抗菌上清液对E. amylovora C1的抑菌效果A：7株拮抗菌上清液对E. amylovora C1的拮抗作用；B：7株拮抗菌上清液的抑菌圈直径

Fig. 3 Antibacterial effects of seven antagonistic supernatants against E. amylovora C1A: Antagonistic activities of supernatants from 7 antagonistic strains against E. amylovora C1. B: Diameters of inhibition zones of 7 antagonistic supernatants

图4 菌株KX1的粗提物对E. amylovora C1的拮抗效果EM：甲醇提取物；CS：无细胞上清液；CM：甲醇对照；BC：菌液；BD：细胞破碎滤液

Fig. 4 Antagonistic effects of crude extract from strain KX1 against E. amylovora C1EM: Extracted with methanol; CS: cell-free supernatant; CM: methanol control; BC: bacterial solution; BD: cell disruption

图5 菌株KX1粗提物的鉴定A：菌株KX1粗提物的功能基因扩增结果；B：菌株KX1粗提物的薄层层析结果。M： DL2000 plus DNA marker； NC：阴性对照；1、2、3、4、5、6分别代表抗生素合成相关基因fenD、Qk1、yndJ、spas、srfAA和ituC

Fig. 5 Identification of KX1 crude extractA: Results of functional gene amplification of strain KX1 crude extract. B: TLC results of crude extract. M: DL 2000 plus DNA marker. NC: Negative control; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 indicate genes related to antibiotic synthesis fenD, Qk1, yndJ, spas, srfAA, and ituC, respectively

图6 菌株KX1脂肽的LC-MS分析

Fig. 6 LC-MS analysis of lipopeptides from strain KX1

图7 菌株KX1粗提物的稳定性A：不同温度处理下KX1粗提物对E. amylovora C1的抑制效果；B：不同pH处理下KX1粗提物对E. amylovora C1的抑制效果；C：KX1粗提物在储存不同天数后对E. amylovora C1的抑制效果，相同字母的数值之间无显著差异（P>0.05）

Fig. 7 Stability of strain KX1 crude extractA: Inhibition effect of strain KX1crude extract on E. amylovora C1under different temperature treatment. B: Inhibition effect of KX1 crude extract on E. amylovora C1 under different pH treatment. C: Inhibition effect of KX1crude extract on E. amylovora C1 under different storage days. There is no significant difference between values of the same letter (P>0.05)

图8 菌株KX1的全基因组序列分析A：菌株KX1的基因组圈图，基因组圈图显示了DNA的正向CDS、反向序列、rRNA和tRNA、GC偏斜图和GC比值图；B：菌株KX1的KEGG功能注释分类；C：菌株KX1次生代谢产物合成基因簇预测

Fig. 8 Whole genome sequence analysis of strain KX1A: Circular genome circle map of strain KX1, the circular map showed CDS of DNA in the forward direction, sequence in the reverse direction, rRNA and tRNA, GC skew graph, and GC ratio graph; B: KEGG function classification of strain KX1; C: putative gene clusters in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites of strain KX1

图9 B. velerensis KX1对库尔勒香梨叶片（A）、枝条（B）和幼果（C）上E. amylovora C1的防治效果NC：阴性对照；PC：阳性对照；TrC：处理对照；PTr：保护性处理；CTr：治疗性处理，下同

Fig. 9 Effects of B. velerensis KX1 on control of E. amylovora C1 in Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü leaves (A), twigs (B), and immature fruits (C)NC: Negative control; PC: positive control; TrC: treatment control; PTr: protective treatment; CTr: curative treatment. The same below

图10 B. velerensis KX1处理的库尔勒香梨叶片（A）、枝条（B）和幼果（C）中E. amylovora C1的病情指数

Fig. 10 Disease index of E. amylovora C1 in Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü leaves (A), twigs (B) and immature fruits (C)

表3 B. velerensis KX1对梨火疫病的防治效果

Table 3 Efficacy of B. velerensis KX1 on fire blight disease

处理 Treatment		叶片 Leaves		枝条 Twigs		幼果 Fruit
处理 Treatment		病情指数 Disease index	防病效果 Control efficacy （%）	病情指数 Disease index	防病效果 Control efficacy （%）	病情指数 Disease index	防病效果 Control efficacy （%）
阴性对照 Negative control		2.56±0.56^h		0.00±0.00^f		0.00±0.00^d
阳性对照 Positive control		69.23±0.74^a		62.96±1.5^a		75.00±0.85^a
KX1处理 Treatments by KX1	TrC	9.64±1.2^g		3.70±0.88^e		0.00±0.00^d
	PTr	30.92±1.1^d	55.33±1.36^a	18.52±1.9^c	70.65±2.11^b	0.00±0.00^d	100^a
	CTr	31.62±0.64^c	54.33±2.02^a	25.93±0.89^b	58.82±6.01^c	62.50±0.75^b	16.67±7.12^c
链霉素处理 Treatments by streptomycin	TrC	10.26±0.41^f		0.00±0.00^f		0.00±0.00^d
	PTr	30.85±1.3^e	55.44±3.33^a	7.40±0.89^d	88.25±4.70^a	37.50±1.25^c	40.00±9.46^b
	CTr	37.76±1.4^b	45.46±3.01^b	29.63±0.75^b	52.94±3.33^b	62.50±0.79^b	16.67±8.24^c

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