Biotechnology Bulletin ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (9): 1-21.doi: 10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0645
HUANG Wen-jing(
), REN Si-chao, LIN Li, WANG You-ping, WU Jian()
Received:2025-06-19
Online:2025-09-26
Published:2025-09-24
Contact:
WU Jian
E-mail:222101206@stu.yzu.edu.cn;wu_jian@yzu.edu.cn
HUANG Wen-jing, REN Si-chao, LIN Li, WANG You-ping, WU Jian. Advances in RNA Interference Technology for Plant Functional Genomics and Crop Improvement[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(9): 1-21.
Fig. 1 Discovery history of RNA interferenceFrom left to right, Figure 1 presents key milestones in the discovery of RNA interference technology and the formation of its theoretical basis from 1989 to 2006: ranging from the discovery that nucleic acid sequence homology regulates gene expression, to clarification of dsRNA-mediated gene silencing, and finally to the recognition of its significance by the Nobel Prize. All figures were created in https://Biorender.com. The same below
Fig. 2 Mechanism of RNA interferenceA: Mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) mediated by exogenous small interfering RNA (siRNA). Dicer-like (DCL) cleaves exogenous dsRNA into siRNAs, which are then assembled into Argonaute (AGO)-containing RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). In the cytoplasm, RISC binds to target mRNA through siRNA complementarity and cleaves it (post-transcriptional silencing). In the nucleus, siRNA-AGO complexes bind to lncRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase V, mediating RNA-directed DNA or histone methylation (transcriptional silencing). B: Mechanism of RNAi mediated by endogenous microRNA (miRNA) in the nucleus, the DCL1 complex processes pri-miRNA into pre-miRNA and miRNA duplexes, which are then transported to the cytoplasm via HASTY. The mature miRNA is loaded into RISC, and AGO mediates the cleavage of target mRNA (with cleavage being the primary mechanism in plants)
Fig. 3 Mechanisms of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) mediated by different virusesThe left figure illustrates the mechanism of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) mediated by single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses: Following receptor-mediated entry into the cell and uncoating, the viral ssDNA enters the nucleus, where it is converted into circular double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) through rolling-circle replication using host enzymes. This dsDNA is subsequently processed by DCL3 into 24-nucleotide (nt) siRNAs, which guide the RISC-AGO4 complex to mediate DNA methylation and thereby suppress transcription. The right figure depicts the VIGS mechanism mediated by positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses: After entering the cell, the viral +ssRNA functions as mRNA to translate replicases. During replication, the formed dsRNA and local double-stranded regions are processed by DCL4/DCL2 into 21/22-nt siRNAs, which then mediate mRNA degradation and translation inhibition via RISC
Fig. 4 Mechanisms of RNAi in host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) and spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS)A: The mechanism of host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) is presented from top to bottom as follows: When chewing insects feed on plants, they ingest long dsRNAs in chloroplasts that have not been cleaved by DCL. These dsRNAs enter cells through endocytosis, SID protein-mediated pathways, etc., triggering RNAi to silence target genes. When piercing-sucking insects feed on phloem (containing siRNAs and dsRNAs), RNAi is triggered to silence target genes. During fungal/viral infection, plants deliver sRNAs through vesicles, or process hpRNAs into dsRNAs/siRNAs themselves, thereby trans-kingdom silencing pathogenic genes (the details of delivery remain to be clarified). B: Two pathways of spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) technology for disease control: Firstly, pathogenic cells directly absorb naked dsRNAs in the environment; secondly, plant-mediated transport: after being absorbed by plants, dsRNAs are transported over long distances through the vascular system, processed into siRNAs or retained as dsRNAs by DCL, and then delivered to pathogens via extracellular vesicles (EVs) to trigger gene silencing. Question marks indicate unelucidated small RNA uptake mechanisms
病原体 Pathogen | 寄主植物 Host plant | 靶标基因 Target gene | 结果 Results | 参考文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
大麦白粉病菌 Puccinia spp. | 大麦 | 1，3-β-葡聚糖转移酶（GTF1/2）效应子Avral0 | 白粉病菌吸器减少并抑制菌丝生长，大麦抗性提高 | ［ |
| 大麦 | 效应子（BEC101、C1054等8个基因） | 干扰真菌分泌蛋白，阻断致病信号传导，抑制孢子萌发和侵染 | ［ | |
小麦叶锈病菌 P. triticina | 小麦 | 促分裂素原活化蛋白激酶（PtMAPK1）、亲环蛋白（PtCYC1）、钙依赖磷酸酶B基因（PtCNB） | 病原菌中靶基因转录水平降低59%-70%，菌丝生长受限、吸器发育异常，夏孢子堆密度减少51%-68% | ［ |
| 小麦 | 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶1基因（PtMAPK1）、亲环蛋白基因（PtCYC1） | 干扰真菌细胞周期和应激反应，限制菌丝扩展，真菌生物量减少超50% | ［ | |
小麦条锈病菌 P. striiformis | 小麦 | 蛋白激酶A催化亚基基因（PsCPK1） | 阻断cAMP信号通路，抑制菌丝极性生长和吸器形成，稳定抗病性持续4代 | ［ |
| 小麦 | 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶基因（PsFuz7） | 抑制MAPK信号传导，显著限制病原菌菌丝发育 | ［ | |
禾谷镰刀菌 Fusarium graminearum | 大麦 | 麦角固醇合成相关的甾醇-14a-去甲基化酶基因（CYP51-A、CYP51-B和CYP51-C） | 靶基因表达抑制率77%-92%，真菌菌丝生长被限制在接种部位 | ［ |
| 小麦 | 丁质合成酶3b基因（Chs3b） | 阻断细胞壁几丁质合成，抑制分生孢子萌发和侵染，降低DON毒素产生 | ［ | |
核盘菌 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | 油菜 | 内切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因（SsPG1）、纤维二糖水解酶基因（SsCBH）和草酰乙酸乙酰水解酶基因（SsOAH1） | 单靶标HIGS：病斑面积减少20.8%-38.7% 三靶标共沉默HIGS：病斑面积减少36.8%-43.7%，抗性显著增强 | ［ |
| 油菜 | 内切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因（SsPG1） | 子叶病斑面积减少51.8%-58.2%，叶片病斑面积减少20.1%-26.2% | ［ | |
灰霉菌 Botrytis cinerea | 番茄 | 灰霉病菌致病基因Bc-DCL1和Bc-DCL2 | 靶基因表达量下降70%-90%，病斑面积减少50%-80%，孢子萌发率下降30%-60% | ［ |
马铃薯 番茄 | 雷帕霉素靶蛋白基因（BcTOR） | 靶基因表达下调60%-90%，病斑面积减少50%- 90%，真菌生物量降低60%-85%，抑制灰霉病发展 | ［ | |
辣椒疫霉 Phytophthora capsici | 烟草 | 纤维素合成酶基因（PcCesA3）、固醇结合蛋白基因（PcOSBP1） | 病斑面积减少17.19%-33.34%，病原菌生物量降低59.64%-77.65% | ［ |
立枯丝核菌 Rhizoctonia solani | 水稻 | 效应子基因AGLIP1 | 抑制菌丝生长和致病力，使接种后病斑面积减少50% | ［ |
葡萄座腔菌 Botryosphaeria dothidea | 湖北海棠 | 真菌糖转运蛋白基因（BdSTP）、乙酰乳酸合成酶基因（BdALS） | 病斑面积减少超50%，真菌生物量降低约60%-70% | ［ |
棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera | 烟草 | 棉蜕皮激素受体基因（EcR） | EcR基因表达显著下调，出现蜕皮缺陷和致死表型；对甜菜夜蛾也有抗性 | ［ |
| 二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae | 烟草 | 保幼激素受体基因Met | 二斑叶螨死亡率达48% | ［ |
| 桃蚜Myzus persicae | 烟草 | V-ATPase亚基E、微管蛋白折叠辅助因子D（TBCD）或乙酰胆碱酯酶2（MpAchE2） | 单只成虫产生的若虫数量减少约30% | ［ |
| 短体线虫Pratylenchus | 小麦 | 肌钙蛋白C（pat-10）、钙调蛋白（unc-87） | 线虫瘫痪和不协调运动，减少繁殖 | ［ |
| 南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita | 番茄 | 组织蛋白酶L半胱氨酸蛋白酶（Mi-cpl-1） | 线虫感染和增殖减少60%-80% | ［ |
| 西方玉米根虫Diabrotica virgifera virgifera | 玉米 | V-ATPase亚基A或C | 减少对根系的损害 | ［ |
| 粉虱Aleyrodidae | 烟草 | 粉虱V-ATPaseA基因 | 植物定殖减少，粉虱死亡率增加 | ［ |
| 麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae | 小麦 | 羧酸酯酶基因（CbEE4） | 基因表达量降低30%-60%，羧酸酯酶活性下降， 对辛硫磷农药水解能力降至20%-30%，蚜虫繁殖减少 | ［ |
| 香蕉束顶病毒Banana bunchy top virus | 香蕉 | 复制酶基因（rep） | 转基因植株对BBTV完全免疫、病毒复制几乎完全被抑制 | ［ |
| 玉米矮花叶病毒Maize dwarf mosaic virus | 玉米 | 蛋白酶基因（P1） | 15个T₂代株系均增强抗病性，其中6个株系病斑指数低于25%，病毒P1基因相对复制水平显著降低 | ［ |
| 水稻黑条矮缩病毒Rice black-streaked dwarf virus | 水稻 | 水稻黑条矮缩病毒的P7-2和P8基因 | 转基因后代表现出较强抗病毒性 | ［ |
| 小麦条纹花叶病毒Wheat streak mosaic virus | 小麦 | 小麦条纹花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因 | 通过RNAi抑制病毒衣壳组装、阻止病毒颗粒形成，持续抗性至T5代 | ［ |
| 烟草条纹病毒Tobacco streak virus | 烟草 | 烟草条纹病毒复制酶部分序列 | 诱导病毒基因沉默，使其获得抗TSV特性 | ［ |
| 柑橘衰退病毒Citrus tristeza virus | 柑橘 | 沉默抑制蛋白基因p25、p20和p23 | 3个转基因株系对CTV-T36完全抗病，嫁接接种后无症状且无病毒 | ［ |
| 李痘病毒Plum pox virus | 欧洲李、烟草 | 外壳蛋白基因（CP） | 对PPV主要株系（D、M、Rec、EA）表现出完全抗性，病毒未发生系统性扩散 | ［ |
Table 1 Advances in research on HIGS technology in disease control and prevention
病原体 Pathogen | 寄主植物 Host plant | 靶标基因 Target gene | 结果 Results | 参考文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
大麦白粉病菌 Puccinia spp. | 大麦 | 1，3-β-葡聚糖转移酶（GTF1/2）效应子Avral0 | 白粉病菌吸器减少并抑制菌丝生长，大麦抗性提高 | ［ |
| 大麦 | 效应子（BEC101、C1054等8个基因） | 干扰真菌分泌蛋白，阻断致病信号传导，抑制孢子萌发和侵染 | ［ | |
小麦叶锈病菌 P. triticina | 小麦 | 促分裂素原活化蛋白激酶（PtMAPK1）、亲环蛋白（PtCYC1）、钙依赖磷酸酶B基因（PtCNB） | 病原菌中靶基因转录水平降低59%-70%，菌丝生长受限、吸器发育异常，夏孢子堆密度减少51%-68% | ［ |
| 小麦 | 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶1基因（PtMAPK1）、亲环蛋白基因（PtCYC1） | 干扰真菌细胞周期和应激反应，限制菌丝扩展，真菌生物量减少超50% | ［ | |
小麦条锈病菌 P. striiformis | 小麦 | 蛋白激酶A催化亚基基因（PsCPK1） | 阻断cAMP信号通路，抑制菌丝极性生长和吸器形成，稳定抗病性持续4代 | ［ |
| 小麦 | 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶基因（PsFuz7） | 抑制MAPK信号传导，显著限制病原菌菌丝发育 | ［ | |
禾谷镰刀菌 Fusarium graminearum | 大麦 | 麦角固醇合成相关的甾醇-14a-去甲基化酶基因（CYP51-A、CYP51-B和CYP51-C） | 靶基因表达抑制率77%-92%，真菌菌丝生长被限制在接种部位 | ［ |
| 小麦 | 丁质合成酶3b基因（Chs3b） | 阻断细胞壁几丁质合成，抑制分生孢子萌发和侵染，降低DON毒素产生 | ［ | |
核盘菌 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | 油菜 | 内切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因（SsPG1）、纤维二糖水解酶基因（SsCBH）和草酰乙酸乙酰水解酶基因（SsOAH1） | 单靶标HIGS：病斑面积减少20.8%-38.7% 三靶标共沉默HIGS：病斑面积减少36.8%-43.7%，抗性显著增强 | ［ |
| 油菜 | 内切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因（SsPG1） | 子叶病斑面积减少51.8%-58.2%，叶片病斑面积减少20.1%-26.2% | ［ | |
灰霉菌 Botrytis cinerea | 番茄 | 灰霉病菌致病基因Bc-DCL1和Bc-DCL2 | 靶基因表达量下降70%-90%，病斑面积减少50%-80%，孢子萌发率下降30%-60% | ［ |
马铃薯 番茄 | 雷帕霉素靶蛋白基因（BcTOR） | 靶基因表达下调60%-90%，病斑面积减少50%- 90%，真菌生物量降低60%-85%，抑制灰霉病发展 | ［ | |
辣椒疫霉 Phytophthora capsici | 烟草 | 纤维素合成酶基因（PcCesA3）、固醇结合蛋白基因（PcOSBP1） | 病斑面积减少17.19%-33.34%，病原菌生物量降低59.64%-77.65% | ［ |
立枯丝核菌 Rhizoctonia solani | 水稻 | 效应子基因AGLIP1 | 抑制菌丝生长和致病力，使接种后病斑面积减少50% | ［ |
葡萄座腔菌 Botryosphaeria dothidea | 湖北海棠 | 真菌糖转运蛋白基因（BdSTP）、乙酰乳酸合成酶基因（BdALS） | 病斑面积减少超50%，真菌生物量降低约60%-70% | ［ |
棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera | 烟草 | 棉蜕皮激素受体基因（EcR） | EcR基因表达显著下调，出现蜕皮缺陷和致死表型；对甜菜夜蛾也有抗性 | ［ |
| 二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae | 烟草 | 保幼激素受体基因Met | 二斑叶螨死亡率达48% | ［ |
| 桃蚜Myzus persicae | 烟草 | V-ATPase亚基E、微管蛋白折叠辅助因子D（TBCD）或乙酰胆碱酯酶2（MpAchE2） | 单只成虫产生的若虫数量减少约30% | ［ |
| 短体线虫Pratylenchus | 小麦 | 肌钙蛋白C（pat-10）、钙调蛋白（unc-87） | 线虫瘫痪和不协调运动，减少繁殖 | ［ |
| 南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita | 番茄 | 组织蛋白酶L半胱氨酸蛋白酶（Mi-cpl-1） | 线虫感染和增殖减少60%-80% | ［ |
| 西方玉米根虫Diabrotica virgifera virgifera | 玉米 | V-ATPase亚基A或C | 减少对根系的损害 | ［ |
| 粉虱Aleyrodidae | 烟草 | 粉虱V-ATPaseA基因 | 植物定殖减少，粉虱死亡率增加 | ［ |
| 麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae | 小麦 | 羧酸酯酶基因（CbEE4） | 基因表达量降低30%-60%，羧酸酯酶活性下降， 对辛硫磷农药水解能力降至20%-30%，蚜虫繁殖减少 | ［ |
| 香蕉束顶病毒Banana bunchy top virus | 香蕉 | 复制酶基因（rep） | 转基因植株对BBTV完全免疫、病毒复制几乎完全被抑制 | ［ |
| 玉米矮花叶病毒Maize dwarf mosaic virus | 玉米 | 蛋白酶基因（P1） | 15个T₂代株系均增强抗病性，其中6个株系病斑指数低于25%，病毒P1基因相对复制水平显著降低 | ［ |
| 水稻黑条矮缩病毒Rice black-streaked dwarf virus | 水稻 | 水稻黑条矮缩病毒的P7-2和P8基因 | 转基因后代表现出较强抗病毒性 | ［ |
| 小麦条纹花叶病毒Wheat streak mosaic virus | 小麦 | 小麦条纹花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因 | 通过RNAi抑制病毒衣壳组装、阻止病毒颗粒形成，持续抗性至T5代 | ［ |
| 烟草条纹病毒Tobacco streak virus | 烟草 | 烟草条纹病毒复制酶部分序列 | 诱导病毒基因沉默，使其获得抗TSV特性 | ［ |
| 柑橘衰退病毒Citrus tristeza virus | 柑橘 | 沉默抑制蛋白基因p25、p20和p23 | 3个转基因株系对CTV-T36完全抗病，嫁接接种后无症状且无病毒 | ［ |
| 李痘病毒Plum pox virus | 欧洲李、烟草 | 外壳蛋白基因（CP） | 对PPV主要株系（D、M、Rec、EA）表现出完全抗性，病毒未发生系统性扩散 | ［ |
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