The continuous global spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria poses a serious threat to public health, while the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics continues to decline, underscoring the urgent need for alternative antimicrobial strategies. Bacteriophages exert precise antibacterial activity by specifically recognizing and lysing host bacteria; however, their application is constrained by a narrow host range, limited in vivo stability, and immune clearance. Nanomaterials present broad-spectrum antibacterial effects through mechanisms such as membrane disruption and reactive oxygen species generation, but challenges remain regarding targeting efficiency and biocompatibility. Synergistic antibacterial systems constructed by integrating bacteriophages with nanomaterials can significantly enhance the suppression of drug-resistant bacterial infections. Focusing on the synergistic antibacterial effects of bacteriophages and nanomaterials, current studies have developed several representative combination strategies. Based on a systematic review of relevant research progress, this paper summarizes and compares the characteristics, application scenarios, and research limitations of different synergistic modes. Currently, the clinical translation of this strategy is still challenged by factors such as phage immunogenicity, biocompatibility of nanomaterials, consistency of large-scale preparation, and quality control. Future research should focus on the directed evolution and modification of bacteriophages, the development of biodegradable nanocarriers, and the establishment of standardized production workflows, thereby facilitating clinical translation and providing new avenues for the control of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
