荒漠植物柽柳抗逆机制的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2020-1040

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

柽柳是广泛分布于荒漠地区的一种极其耐旱、耐盐的多年生灌木。在长期进化过程中,柽柳在形态结构、生理生化及分子生物学等不同层面形成了多种适应性特征,从而适应极端环境。柽柳在种子萌发阶段的特殊机制使其种群得以成功繁衍;为了适应复杂的荒漠环境,柽柳叶片退化成鳞片状,茎叶表面布满盐腺,发育出极其发达的根系,进而在形态结构方面做出相应的适应性改变,并协同渗透调节、抗氧化、高光效等多种生理途径,以及逆境响应信号途径和相关基因的表达调控,共同应对环境胁迫。主要从种子特性、植株形态结构、抗逆生理及分子生物学调控等水平对柽柳适应逆境的机制进行综合论述及展望,以期为柽柳适应机制的深入探索提供参考依据。

关键词: 柽柳, 耐旱, 耐盐, 盐腺, 种子特性

Abstract:

Tamarix is an extremely drought and salt tolerant perennial shrub widely distributed in desert regions. In the long-term evolution,Tamarix has developed various adaptive characteristics at different levels,including morphology,physiology,biochemistry,and molecular biology,which help Tamarix adapt to extreme environments. The special mechanism at germination stage allows population to reproduce successfully;the leaves degenerate as scales,large amounts of salt glands are distributed on the surface of leaf and stem,and flourishing root system is developed,and the corresponding adaptive changes in the morphological structure occunred;in addition,it is based on different physiological responses,e.g. osmoregulation,antioxidation,higher photosynthetic efficiency,and molecular signaling pathways combining with related gene expression regulation to cope with environmental stresses. Based on the current progress in Tamarix research work in this paper,we discussed the mechanisms of Tamarix in adaptation to stresses,and prospected from seed characteristics,plant morphological structure,physiological regulation and molecular biology of stress resistance in Tamarix,by which we expect to provide evidence for further exploitation of Tamarix adaptive strategy.

Key words: Tamarix, drought tolerance, salt tolerance, salt gland, seed characteristics

李彩霞, 兰海燕. 荒漠植物柽柳抗逆机制的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2021, 37(5): 128-140.

LI Cai-xia, LAN Hai-yan. Research Progress in the Stress Tolerance Mechanisms of Desert Plant Tamarix spp.[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2021, 37(5): 128-140.

图/表 4

图1 多枝柽柳种子形态比例尺为200 μm

Fig. 1 Seed morphology of Tamarix ramosissma The scale bar is 200 μm

图2 不同时期多枝柽柳叶片形态 A：子叶;B：幼苗和肉质叶;C：成株分枝和抱茎叶。图A、B、C 中的标尺分别为 100、500 和 800 μm

Fig. 2 Leaf morphology of Tamarix ramosissma in different developmental stages A: Cotyledons. B: Seedling and succulent leaves. C: Adult shoot and amplexicaul leaves. The scale bar in A, B, C is 100 μm, 500 μm, and 800 μm

图3 柽柳植株地上地下协同吸水、保水调控机制（参考文献[47,48,49]绘制）根系左侧箭头代表水力提升过程中水分运动的方向

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of water absorption and reten-tion regulation of Tamarix above and under ground parts of plant (drawn by reference[47,48,49]) The arrows on the left of the root indicate the directions of water movement during hydraulic lifting

图4 柽柳的盐腺结构、泌盐机制及泌盐影响因素模式图（参考文献[55,65-66]绘制） PO：孔道;PI：胞间微粒;OC：外层分泌细胞;MC 中层分泌细胞;IC：内层分泌细胞;CC：收集细胞;mv：小液泡 ;m：线粒体;n：细胞核;c：角质层;w：细胞壁;v：液泡。箭头代表胞间连丝

Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of salt gland structure, secretion mechanism and influencing factors in Tamarix (drawn by reference [55, 65-66]) PO: Pores. PI: Plasmodesmata. OC: Outer pair of secretory cells. MC: Middle pair of secretory cells. IC: Inner pair of secretory cells. CC: Collecting cells. mv: Microvacuoles. m: Mitochondria. n: Nuclei. c: Cuticle. w: Wall. v: Vacuoles. The arrows represent intercellular hyalines

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