蔬菜种子萌发的纳米调控及其机制研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2024-0470

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

提高种子在非生物胁迫下的萌发率可降低环境恶化对蔬菜安全构成的风险，为全球蔬菜产量提供保障。由于纳米材料具有尺寸小和独特的物理化学性质，在蔬菜生产中可应用于种子引发。纳米引发在改善非生物胁迫下蔬菜种子的萌发方面显示了突出作用。论文将用于调控蔬菜种子萌发的纳米材料分为碳基、硅基、金属颗粒和金属氧化物四类，并列举了部分纳米材料促进蔬菜种子萌发的适宜浓度。描述了不同种类纳米材料常用的合成方法及其影响因素，并比较了传统合成与绿色合成的利弊。重点综述了纳米引发对蔬菜种子和幼苗生理生化指标的影响并归纳为两种调控途径。纳米材料调控种子对水分和养分的吸收以及赤霉素合成等与萌发相关过程，从而促进萌发称为直接调控。间接调控是纳米材料产生活性氧，通过信号传导激活抗氧化系统，提高种子对非生物胁迫的抵抗力从而促进萌发。最后，阐述了纳米材料在种子中的应用，并对纳米引发未来的研究方向进行展望：（1）着重考虑纳米材料在长期条件下对环境的潜在风险，避免经过食物链对人类健康造成不利影响；（2）评估纳米材料在多种非生物胁迫下调节活性氧、保障种子萌发的性能；（3）探索由纳米材料引发产生的活性氧通过信号传导激活防御途径的整体通路；（4）补充纳米材料进入种子的准确机制。

关键词: 纳米材料, 蔬菜种子萌发, 纳米引发, 活性氧, 抗氧化, 非生物胁迫

Abstract:

Improving seed germination under abiotic stress may reduce the risk to vegetable safety posed by environmental degradation and provide guarantees for global vegetable yield. Because of their small size and unique physicochemical properties, nanomaterials can be applied in vegetables production on seed priming. Nano priming has shown a surprising role in improving vegetable seed germination under abiotic stress. This paper classifies nanomaterials used to regulate vegetable seed germination into four categories, namely carbon-based, silicon-based, metal particles and metal oxides, and lists some of the suitable concentrations of nanomaterials for promoting vegetable seed germination. Besides, the paper describes the commonly used synthesis methods for different kinds of nanomaterials and their influencing factors, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of conventional synthesis with green synthesis. This review mainly highlights the effects of nano-priming on the physiological and biochemical indexes of vegetable seeds and seedlings and summarizes into two regulatory pathways. The pathway promotes germination by using nanomaterials to modulate germination-related processes such as water and nutrition uptake and gibberellin synthesis in seeds, which is known as direct regulation. Indirect regulation refers to promote germination involving the generation of reactive oxygen species by nanomaterials, activation of antioxidant systems through signaling, and enhancing the resistance of seeds to abiotic stress. Finally, the paper describes the applications of nanomaterials in seeds and envisions the future research directions of nano-priming: 1）Focusing on the potential risks of nanomaterials to the environment under long-term conditions to avoid adverse effects on human health through the food chain; 2）evaluating the performance of nanomaterials in regulating reactive oxygen species and guaranteeing seed germination under a variety of abiotic stresses; 3）exploring the overall pathway of activating of defense pathways through signaling by reactive oxygen species generated by nanomaterial priming; 4）adding the exact mechanism by which nanomaterials enter the seed.

Key words: nanomaterials, vegetable seeds germination, nano-priming, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant, abiotic stress

武志健, 刘广洋, 林志豪, 盛彬, 陈鸽, 许晓敏, 王军伟, 徐东辉. 蔬菜种子萌发的纳米调控及其机制研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2025, 41(1): 14-24.

WU Zhi-jian, LIU Guang-yang, LIN Zhi-hao, SHENG Bin, CHEN Ge, XU Xiao-min, WANG Jun-wei, XU Dong-hui. Research Progress of Nano-regulation of Vegetable Seed Germination and Its Mechanism[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(1): 14-24.

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类别 Type	纳米材料 Nanomaterial	蔬菜 Vegetable	浓度 Concentration/（mg·L^-1）	参考文献 Reference
碳基Carbon-based	碳纳米管 Carbon nanotube	番茄、洋葱 Solanum lycopersicum, Allium cepa	10	[12]
碳基Carbon-based	石墨烯 Graphene	萝卜 Raphanus sativus	40	[13]
硅基 Silicon-based	二氧化硅SiO₂	番茄 S. lycopersicum	8 000	[6]
硅基 Silicon-based	二氧化硅SiO₂	大豆 Glycine max	500	[10]
金属颗粒 Metallic particles	金Au	洋葱 A. cepa	5.4	[14]
金属颗粒 Metallic particles	银Ag	苋菜 Amaranthus caudatus	150	[15]
金属氧化物 Metal oxides	氧化锌ZnO	洋葱 A. cepa	800	[16]
	氧化锌ZnO	辣椒 Capsicum annuum	10	[17]
	二氧化钛TiO₂	番茄 S. lycopersicum	100	[18]
	二氧化钛TiO₂	豌豆 Lathyrus sativus	20	[19]
	氧化铁FeO	菠菜 Spinacia oleracea	5	[20]
	氧化铁FeO	生菜 Lactuca sativa	1	[21]

类别 Type	纳米材料 Nanomaterial	蔬菜 Vegetable	浓度 Concentration/（mg·L^-1）	参考文献 Reference
碳基Carbon-based	碳纳米管 Carbon nanotube	番茄、洋葱 Solanum lycopersicum, Allium cepa	10	[12]
碳基Carbon-based	石墨烯 Graphene	萝卜 Raphanus sativus	40	[13]
硅基 Silicon-based	二氧化硅SiO₂	番茄 S. lycopersicum	8 000	[6]
硅基 Silicon-based	二氧化硅SiO₂	大豆 Glycine max	500	[10]
金属颗粒 Metallic particles	金Au	洋葱 A. cepa	5.4	[14]
金属颗粒 Metallic particles	银Ag	苋菜 Amaranthus caudatus	150	[15]
金属氧化物 Metal oxides	氧化锌ZnO	洋葱 A. cepa	800	[16]
	氧化锌ZnO	辣椒 Capsicum annuum	10	[17]
	二氧化钛TiO₂	番茄 S. lycopersicum	100	[18]
	二氧化钛TiO₂	豌豆 Lathyrus sativus	20	[19]
	氧化铁FeO	菠菜 Spinacia oleracea	5	[20]
	氧化铁FeO	生菜 Lactuca sativa	1	[21]

合成方法 Synthesis methods	纳米材料 Nanomaterials	优点 Advantages	缺点 Disadvantages	影响因素 Affecting parameter
化学沉淀合成法Chemical precipitation synthesis method	氧化铁FeO^[21]、氧化锌ZnO^[25]	成本低、规模大、低温、节能 Low cost, large scale, low temperature, and energy saving	聚集、产物粒径控制难、耗时长 Aggregation, product size not easy to control, and time-consuming	温度、pH、溶剂类型、反应物与溶剂的混合比例 Temperature, pH, solvent type, and mixing rate of solvent and reagent
溶胶-凝胶合成法 Sol-gel synthesis method	二氧化硅SiO₂^[26]、银-二氧化钛Ag-TiO₂^[27]	粒径分布窄、精确控制尺寸和形貌、纯度高 Narrow size distribution, precise size and morphology control, and high purity	成本高、耗时长、规模小、溶剂可能有害 High cost, time-consuming, small scale, and solvents may be harmful	pH、搅拌时间、合成温度/时间、溶剂量 pH, stirring time, synthesis temperature/time, and solvent amount
水热合成法Hydrothermal synthesis method	碳点CD^[28]、氧化铜CuO^[29]	结晶度高、精确控制尺寸和形貌 High crystallinity, precise control of size and shape	成本高、无法观察反应过程、可靠性低 High cost, impossible to observe the reaction process, and low reliability	反应温度/时间、有机添加剂Reaction temperature/time, and organic additive
乳液合成法Emulsion synthesis method	二氧化硅 SiO₂^[30] 氧化锆 ZrO₂^[31]	粒径分布窄、易制备、团聚最少 Narrow size distribution, easy preparation, and minimal agglomeration	成本高、耗时长、需要大量的表面活性剂 High cost, time-consuming, requires a large amount of surfactant	搅拌速度/持续时间、表面活性剂的类型 Stirring speed/duration, and type of surfactant

合成方法 Synthesis methods	纳米材料 Nanomaterials	优点 Advantages	缺点 Disadvantages	影响因素 Affecting parameter
化学沉淀合成法Chemical precipitation synthesis method	氧化铁FeO^[21]、氧化锌ZnO^[25]	成本低、规模大、低温、节能 Low cost, large scale, low temperature, and energy saving	聚集、产物粒径控制难、耗时长 Aggregation, product size not easy to control, and time-consuming	温度、pH、溶剂类型、反应物与溶剂的混合比例 Temperature, pH, solvent type, and mixing rate of solvent and reagent
溶胶-凝胶合成法 Sol-gel synthesis method	二氧化硅SiO₂^[26]、银-二氧化钛Ag-TiO₂^[27]	粒径分布窄、精确控制尺寸和形貌、纯度高 Narrow size distribution, precise size and morphology control, and high purity	成本高、耗时长、规模小、溶剂可能有害 High cost, time-consuming, small scale, and solvents may be harmful	pH、搅拌时间、合成温度/时间、溶剂量 pH, stirring time, synthesis temperature/time, and solvent amount
水热合成法Hydrothermal synthesis method	碳点CD^[28]、氧化铜CuO^[29]	结晶度高、精确控制尺寸和形貌 High crystallinity, precise control of size and shape	成本高、无法观察反应过程、可靠性低 High cost, impossible to observe the reaction process, and low reliability	反应温度/时间、有机添加剂Reaction temperature/time, and organic additive
乳液合成法Emulsion synthesis method	二氧化硅 SiO₂^[30] 氧化锆 ZrO₂^[31]	粒径分布窄、易制备、团聚最少 Narrow size distribution, easy preparation, and minimal agglomeration	成本高、耗时长、需要大量的表面活性剂 High cost, time-consuming, requires a large amount of surfactant	搅拌速度/持续时间、表面活性剂的类型 Stirring speed/duration, and type of surfactant