土壤农药残留物的微生物修复研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-1011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农药残留是当前威胁土壤生态环境与农产品安全的重大挑战。微生物降解因其高效性与环境友好性，已成为农田污染修复领域的研究热点，并展现出广阔的应用前景。本文系统阐述了农药降解菌的研究与应用进展，主要内容包括以下方面：在降解菌筛选方面，总结了从传统富集培养到微流控单细胞筛选等多种策略，提升了高效降解菌株的获取效率与多样性；在降解机理层面，深入解析了关键降解基因功能、胞内/外酶的催化机制以及共代谢途径的增效作用；在生态过程方面，重点探讨了降解菌通过趋化感应与生物膜形成在根际与叶际的定殖机制及其后续响应，并进一步解析了降解菌依靠鞭毛运动的主动迁移和借助水力等环境因素的被动迁移途径；在降解菌剂应用技术方面，综述了液体与固体菌剂的制备工艺及其优缺点，分析了菌剂在实际应用中面临的环境适应性、定殖效率及生态互作等挑战。文章最后指出，未来应通过剂型创新和植物-微生物互作机制的深化研究，提升菌剂的田间稳定性与降解效能，推动该技术的规模化应用与农业绿色发展。

关键词: 农药残留, 微生物降解, 降解机理, 定殖, 降解菌剂

Abstract:

Pesticide residues pose a major challenge to soil ecological security and agricultural product safety. Microbial degradation has emerged as a promising strategy for the remediation to farmland pollution due to its high efficiency and environmental compatibility, demonstrating broad application prospects. This review systematically elucidates the study and application advances in pesticide-degrading microorganisms, covering the following key aspects: In terms of degrading strain screening, various strategies—from traditional enrichment culture to microfluidic single-cell screening—have significantly enhanced both the efficiency and diversity of obtaining efficient degraders. Regarding degradation mechanisms, this review provides an in-depth analysis of key degradation gene functions, catalytic mechanisms of intracellular and extracellular enzymes, and synergistic enhancement of co-metabolic pathways. Concerning ecological processes, this review focuses on the colonization mechanisms of degrading bacteria in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere through chemotaxis and biofilm formation, along with their subsequent functional responses. It further examines both active migration mediated by flagellar motility and passive migration facilitated by environmental factors including hydraulic transport. In application technologies, this review examines the preparation processes of both liquid and solid formulations along with their respective advantages and limitations, and assesses the challenges in practical implementation, such as environmental adaptability, colonization efficiency, and ecological interactions. Finally, the review emphasizes that future efforts should focus on formulation innovations and plant-microbe interactions to enhance field stability and degradation efficacy of inoculants, thereby facilitating large-scale application of this technology and promoting agricultural green development.

Key words: pesticide residues, microbial degradation, degradation mechanism, colonization, degrading inoculant

朱姗姗, 徐军, 潘兴鲁, 董丰收, 郑永权, 吴小虎. 土壤农药残留物的微生物修复研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2025, 41(12): 40-49.

ZHU Shan-shan, XU Jun, PAN Xing-lu, DONG Feng-shou, ZHENG Yong-quan, WU Xiao-hu. Research Advances in Microbial Remediation of Soil Pesticide Residues[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(12): 40-49.

图/表 1

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