黄瓜耐盐种质筛选评价及分子机制研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-1090

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

盐胁迫是由土壤中Na⁺、Cl⁻等盐离子过量积累引起的非生物逆境胁迫，严重破坏植物离子稳态和水分吸收，并诱导活性氧（ROS）过量积累，从而抑制生长、降低作物产量与品质。随着设施农业的发展，土壤次生盐渍化问题日益突出，黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）对盐胁迫高度敏感，其耐盐种质筛选与分子调控机制研究成为提升设施蔬菜生产效益的重要方向。目前，黄瓜耐盐种质主要来源于栽培品种、地方品种及野生近缘种，通常基于生长、生理和生化指标，结合耐盐指数和隶属函数法等综合评价体系对其耐盐性进行鉴定。研究表明，黄瓜耐盐性是受多基因协同调控的数量性状，其形成依赖离子稳态维持、渗透调节与抗氧化防御等过程的协同作用。Na⁺外排与区隔化、K⁺稳态维持、渗透调节物质积累及抗氧化系统清除ROS是耐盐响应的核心环节，相关基因在信号转导与代谢调控中发挥重要作用。本文综述了黄瓜耐盐种质资源及其筛选评价方法，总结了耐盐性的主要分子调控机制，并结合多组学与高通量表型分析技术的发展，展望了黄瓜耐盐分子育种的研究方向，为高耐盐品种的选育提供理论依据与参考。

关键词: 黄瓜, 耐盐性, 种质资源, 筛选与评价, 分子机制

Abstract:

Salt stress, caused by excessive accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions in soil, is a major abiotic stress that severely disrupts ionic homeostasis and water uptake in plants and induces excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby inhibiting growth and reducing crop yield and quality. With the rapid development of protected cultivation, secondary soil salinization has become increasingly severe. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is highly sensitive to salt stress, making the screening of salt-tolerant germplasm and elucidation of its molecular regulatory mechanisms a critical research focus for improving production efficiency. At present, salt-tolerant cucumber germplasm is mainly derived from cultivated varieties, landraces, and wild relatives. Their tolerance to salt is commonly evaluated using growth, physiological, and biochemical traits in combination with comprehensive indices such as salt tolerance indices and membership function analysis. Accumulating evidence indicates that tolerance in cucumbers to salt is a complex quantitative trait governed by coordinated regulation of multiple genes and relies on the integration of ionic homeostasis, osmotic adjustment, and antioxidant defense. Key processes include Na⁺ exclusion and compartmentalization, maintenance of K⁺ homeostasis, accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances, and ROS scavenging by antioxidant systems, with associated genes playing important roles in signal transduction and metabolic regulation. This review summarizes salt-tolerant germplasm resources and screening and evaluation methods in cucumber, outlines the major molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying salt tolerance, and, in light of recent advances in multi-omics and high-throughput phenotyping technologies, discusses future directions for molecular breeding of salt-tolerant cucumber, providing a theoretical basis and scientific reference for the development of highly salt-tolerant cultivars.

Key words: cucumber, tolerance to salt, germplasm resources, screening and evaluation, molecular mechanisms

孙常胜, 尉万聪, 王一衡, 张桂霞, 兰青阔, 王永. 黄瓜耐盐种质筛选评价及分子机制研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2026, 42(8): 35-46.

SUN Chang-sheng, YU Wan-cong, WANG Yi-heng, ZHANG Gui-xia, LAN Qing-kuo, WANG Yong. Advances in Salt Tolerance of Cucumber: From Germplasm Screening， Evaluation to Molecular Mechanism[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(8): 35-46.

图/表 3

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基因名称 Gene name	主要功能 Key features	作用机制 Mechanism of action	参考文献 Reference
CsKAT2	内向整流K⁺通道	Na⁺敏感型钾通道，Na⁺积累致气孔调节障碍，盐胁迫下表达下降，限制光合作用	［56］
CsAKT1	钾离子通道	根部K⁺吸收通道，保障K⁺养分摄取；盐胁迫下H₂S等信号可上调其表达，维持K⁺/Na⁺平衡	［57］
CsBPC2	GAGA结合转录因子	正调控H⁺-ATPase表达以维持离子稳态；突变体质膜/液泡H⁺-ATPase活性，Na⁺外排受阻、K⁺流失，盐敏感性增加	［58］
CsTGase	谷氨酰胺转氨酶	蛋白质交联酶，调控多胺代谢和质子泵活性；促进Na⁺隔离与外排，提高耐盐能力	［59］
CsSHMT3	丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶	参与丝氨酸-甘氨酸转换；过表达提高脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶活性，增强耐盐性	［60］
CsP5CS	脯氨酸合成酶	脯氨酸合成限速酶；盐胁迫上调其表达以积累脯氨酸，缓解渗透胁迫；突变体表型变化不显著，提示可能存在替代途径	［61］
CsSAMDC3	腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶	多胺合成关键酶；盐胁迫上调促进亚精胺和精胺积累，过表达增强耐盐，表明多胺兼具信号与保护作用	［62］
CsCSD1/CsFSD2	超氧化物歧化酶	抗氧化酶第一道防线，将O^2-歧化为H₂O₂；盐胁迫上调其表达，降低ROS水平	［63］
CsCAT/CsPOD	过氧化氢酶/过氧化物酶	分解H₂O₂的抗氧化酶；盐胁迫上调其表达，提高H₂O₂清除速率，减轻氧化损伤	［64］
CsTAU1	谷胱甘肽转移酶	GSH依赖型抗氧化酶，参与解毒与硫氧还原反应；过表达增强GSH途径，缓解盐胁迫氧化损伤	［65］
CsPAL3/4/5/6	苯丙氨酸解氨酶	苯丙烷代谢途径起始酶，生成酚类、黄酮类等抗氧化物质；盐胁迫下多个PAL基因上调促进抗氧化产物积累	［66］
CsATG8a	自噬相关基因	介导清除受损细胞器或蛋白质；盐胁迫上调其表达，增强自噬能力，维持细胞存活	［53］
CsPAO1/2/3	多胺氧化酶	调控多胺分解与H₂O₂生成；适度表达增强抗氧化能力，过度表达则ROS过量，引发氧化损伤	［54-55］

基因名称 Gene name	主要功能 Key features	作用机制 Mechanism of action	参考文献 Reference
CsKAT2	内向整流K⁺通道	Na⁺敏感型钾通道，Na⁺积累致气孔调节障碍，盐胁迫下表达下降，限制光合作用	［56］
CsAKT1	钾离子通道	根部K⁺吸收通道，保障K⁺养分摄取；盐胁迫下H₂S等信号可上调其表达，维持K⁺/Na⁺平衡	［57］
CsBPC2	GAGA结合转录因子	正调控H⁺-ATPase表达以维持离子稳态；突变体质膜/液泡H⁺-ATPase活性，Na⁺外排受阻、K⁺流失，盐敏感性增加	［58］
CsTGase	谷氨酰胺转氨酶	蛋白质交联酶，调控多胺代谢和质子泵活性；促进Na⁺隔离与外排，提高耐盐能力	［59］
CsSHMT3	丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶	参与丝氨酸-甘氨酸转换；过表达提高脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶活性，增强耐盐性	［60］
CsP5CS	脯氨酸合成酶	脯氨酸合成限速酶；盐胁迫上调其表达以积累脯氨酸，缓解渗透胁迫；突变体表型变化不显著，提示可能存在替代途径	［61］
CsSAMDC3	腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶	多胺合成关键酶；盐胁迫上调促进亚精胺和精胺积累，过表达增强耐盐，表明多胺兼具信号与保护作用	［62］
CsCSD1/CsFSD2	超氧化物歧化酶	抗氧化酶第一道防线，将O^2-歧化为H₂O₂；盐胁迫上调其表达，降低ROS水平	［63］
CsCAT/CsPOD	过氧化氢酶/过氧化物酶	分解H₂O₂的抗氧化酶；盐胁迫上调其表达，提高H₂O₂清除速率，减轻氧化损伤	［64］
CsTAU1	谷胱甘肽转移酶	GSH依赖型抗氧化酶，参与解毒与硫氧还原反应；过表达增强GSH途径，缓解盐胁迫氧化损伤	［65］
CsPAL3/4/5/6	苯丙氨酸解氨酶	苯丙烷代谢途径起始酶，生成酚类、黄酮类等抗氧化物质；盐胁迫下多个PAL基因上调促进抗氧化产物积累	［66］
CsATG8a	自噬相关基因	介导清除受损细胞器或蛋白质；盐胁迫上调其表达，增强自噬能力，维持细胞存活	［53］
CsPAO1/2/3	多胺氧化酶	调控多胺分解与H₂O₂生成；适度表达增强抗氧化能力，过度表达则ROS过量，引发氧化损伤	［54-55］