酵母有丝分裂染色体异常分离机制

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2021-0616

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

有丝分裂是真核生物细胞遗传和增殖发育的基础,主要分为S期和M期,其中M期是细胞分裂和遗传物质传递的重要过程。染色体的正确分离受到多种细胞机制的高度调控,是保证子代细胞遗传信息完整性的关键。本文主要以典型的真核生物酵母细胞为研究模型,综述了酵母在有丝分裂过程中染色体分离异常形成非整倍体的具体机制。分别包括纺锤体组装监控机制失效、姐妹染色单体黏结蛋白缺陷、动粒-纺锤体微管结合错误和多中心体途径4个方面。并讨论了非整倍体现象对酵母细胞造成的影响,以期更好的理解非整倍体酵母的生理及遗传特性。

关键词: 酵母, 非整倍体, 染色体异常分离, 有丝分裂

Abstract:

Mitosis is the basis of cell genetics,proliferation and development in eukaryotes. It is mainly divided into S phase and M phase,of which M phase is an important process of cell division and transmission of genetic material. The correct segregation of chromosome is highly regulated by a variety of cellular mechanisms,and is the key to ensuring the integrity of the genetic information of the offspring cells. This article mainly uses typical eukaryotic yeast cells as the research model,and reviews the specific mechanisms of abnormal chromosome segregation and aneuploidy formation in the yeast during mitosis. There are four aspects including failure of spindle assembly monitoring mechanism,sister chromatid adhesion protein defect,kinetochore-spindle microtubule binding error,and polycentric pathway. The effects of aneuploidy on the yeast cells are also discussed,aiming to better understand the physiological and genetic characteristics of aneuploidy yeast.

Key words: yeast, aneuploidy, abnormal chromosome segregation, mitosis

魏文青, 谢泽雄. 酵母有丝分裂染色体异常分离机制[J]. 生物技术通报, 2021, 37(12): 227-234.

WEI Wen-qing, XIE Ze-xiong. Mechanism of Abnormal Chromosomal Segregation in Yeast Mitosis[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2021, 37(12): 227-234.

图/表 3

图1 酵母非整倍体的形成及影响酵母细胞有丝分裂过程异常会导致非整倍体的形成,对细胞的应激、生长发育、生物进化和疾病的发生都会产生影响

Fig.1 Formation and influence of yeast aneuploidy Abnormal mitosis process in yeast cells will lead to the formation of aneuploidy,which will affect cell stress,growth and development,biological evolution and the occurrence of diseases

图2 姐妹染色单体黏结蛋白与纺锤体监控机制 Smc1、Smc3、Rad21和SA/Stg2共同组成染色单体黏结蛋白复合物,形成单环模型围在着丝粒的外围,捕获姐妹染色单体调节聚合作用。若动粒-微管在有丝分裂前中期结合不正确,则有丝分裂检查点复合物（MCC）与促进后期复合体（APC）结合,激活纺锤体组装监控机制阻滞细胞有丝分裂进程

Fig.2 Sister chromatid adhesion protein and spindle monitoring mechanism Smc1,Smc3,Rad21 and SA/Stg2 together form a chromatid adhesive protein complex,forming a single ring model around the centromere,capturing sister chromatid to regulate polymerization. If the kinetochore-microtubule combination is not correct in the pre-middle stage of mitosis,the mitotic checkpoint complex（MCC）binds to the advanced-stage complex（APC）to activate the spindle assembly monitoring mechanism to block the process of cell mitosis

图3 动粒-微管结合错误和多中心体途径 a:有丝分裂过程中动粒-微管不同结合方式;两极连接是细胞完成正常有丝分裂过程动粒-微管连接方式;Monotelic连接、Syntelic连接和Merotelic连接都会引起染色体分离异常导致非整倍体酵母细胞的产生;b:当细胞中含有两个以上中心体存在时,不同方向的中心体通过微管与动粒结合,染色体因受力不均匀会产生不均等分离形成非整倍体细胞

Fig.3 Miscellaneous kinetochore-microtubule binding and polycentric pathway a:During mitosis,the kinetochore-microtubules are combined in different ways;the bipolar connection is the kinetochore-microtubule connection that the cell completes the normal mitosis process;the Monotic connection,Syntelic connection and Merotelic connection will cause abnormal chromosome segregation and lead to the production of aneuploid yeast cells. b:When there are more than two centrosomes in a cell,centrosomes in different directions are combined with the kinetochore through microtubules,and the chromosomes will be unevenly separated due to uneven force to form aneuploid cells

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