Research Progress in RNA Binding Proteins in Plant Disease Resistance

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0056

Abstract

Abstract:

During their growth and development, plants are continuously exposed to complex environmental stresses that severely constrain their growth, agronomic traits, and productivity. To combat biotic stresses such as pathogen infection, plants have evolved multilayered sophisticated regulatory networks. In recent years, post-transcriptional regulation has emerged as a novel research hotspot in plant immunity, demonstrating unique advantages in the resistance to disease through dynamic regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) metabolism. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), functioning as core executors in plant resistance-to-resistane networks, act as "molecular switches" in plant-pathogen interactions by recognizing specific RNA motifs to regulate critical processes including pre-mRNA alternative splicing, mRNA stability, alternative polyadenylation (APA), translation efficiency, and RNA modifications. This review systematically elaborates RBP-mediated post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and their functions during plant-pathogen interactions. For instance, at the pathogen-recogned stage, RBPs regulate mRNA stability of immune receptors to enable rapid activation of defense signals. During disease resistance responses, RBPs mediate alternative splicing of resistance genes to generate transcript variants with distinct subcellular localization or functional activities. Recent studies also reveal novel pathways in plant immunity where RNA epigenetic modifications (e.g., m⁶A) regulate RBP recruitment efficiency. This article provides in-depth analysis of the multilayered defense systems constructed through RBPs and their molecular regulatory mechanisms, while proposing future research directions including deciphering RBP-mediated disease resistance mechanisms, modifying RBP regulatory elements through multi-omics integration, and developing novel disease-resistant breeding strategies. Comprehensive understanding of RNA regulatory codes in plant immunity will offer theoretical foundations for creating broad-spectrum resistant germplasm and provide crucial references for developing innovative green control strategies.

Key words: RNA binding protein, alternative splicing, translation, mRNA stability, alternative polyadenylation

LYU Yue, ZHANG Jie-wei, WANG Bo. Research Progress in RNA Binding Proteins in Plant Disease Resistance[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(6): 12-26.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1 Topology diagram of common RNA-binding domainsA: Schematic diagram of RNA recognition motif topology; B: schematic diagram of K-homology domain topology; C: schematic diagram of zinc-finger domain topology; D: schematic diagram of double-stranded RNA binding domain topology

Fig. 2 Diagram of AS eventThe red rectangle, purple rectangle, yellow rectangle, and blue rectangle indicate exon 1 to 4, respectively; the light blue rectangle indicates exon fragments that undergo 5' alternative splicing or 3' alternative splicing; the thick gray line indicates the intron; the solid black line indicates the first AS (alternative splicing) mode; the dashed black line indicates the second AS mode; and the arrow points to the AS product

Fig. 3 Alternative splicing patterns of RBPs-participating genesThe green hexagon symbolizes the effect factor. Under natural conditions, plant pre-mRNAs undergo constitutive splicing to generate full-length mature mRNAs, which are translated into functional proteins essential for normal growth, development, and adaptation to environment. Upon pathogenic infection, pathogens release effector proteins into plant cells that either act as RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) or target host RBPs to perturb AS. This interference leads to the production of intron-retained variants or truncated proteins, thereby disrupting plant immune regulation

Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of RBPs-regulating mechanismA: Schematic diagram of RBPs participating in plant disease resistance mechanism through AS of genes. B: Schematic diagram of RBPs participating in plant disease resistance through protein translation. C: Schematic diagram of RBPs participating in plant disease resistance through APA. D: Schematic diagram of RBPs participating in plant disease resistance by regulating mRNA stability. E: Schematic diagram of RNA modification involved in plant disease resistance

Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of mRNA stability regulation mechanismGreen hexagons denote effect factors, blue circles represent RBPs, blue ovals represent degraded RBPs, wavy lines symbolize various mRNAs encoding proteins associated with plant immunity, arrows signify biological processes. Under natural conditions, plant RBPs bind to mRNA, stabilizing it and ensuring the smooth execution of translation and other biological processes, thereby maintaining normal growth, development, and environmental adaptation in plants. Upon pathogen infection, pathogens release effectors into plant cells. These effectors may either down-regulate the expression of RBPs through fungal stimulation or degradation by interaction with effectors. The reduced abundance of RBPs leads to decreased mRNA stability, which in turn affects the expression of immune-related proteins and ultimately compromises the plant’s resistance to pathogens

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