长枝木霉菌肥对玉米生长、土壤肥力和根际微生物的影响

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2021-0704

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探讨长枝木霉菌肥在玉米栽培上的应用效果及其作用机制。采用盆栽法,设置3个处理：（1）每克土加入0.01 g菌肥（YJ）,（2）0.07%化肥（YF）,（3）每克土加入0.01 g菌肥基质（YD）。测定不同处理下玉米生长、生理、土壤养分、土壤酶活及根际微生物群落等指标。结果表明,YJ和YF处理对玉米生长具有显著的促进作用,二者与YD处理相比均差异显著（P<0.05）,而YJ与YF处理相比,对玉米生长指标影响的差异不显著（P>0.05）;其中,与YD处理相比,YJ和YF处理对玉米苗高、根长、地上干重、地下干重、地上鲜重和地下鲜重分别提高了44.65%和39.87%、75.74%和71.25%、83.33%和33.33%、300%和150.00%、101.85%和55.56%、356.67%和130.00%;与YD处理相比,YJ和YF处理均可提高玉米的生理指标,其中YJ处理对玉米生理指标的促进作用更明显（P<0.05）;YJ和YF处理均可提升玉米根际土壤养分和土壤酶活性,且YJ处理比YF处理的提升幅度更大;对玉米根际微生物群落的影响结果显示,YJ处理可以增加玉米根际土真菌OTU数量,减少根际土细菌OTU数量（P<0.05）;YF处理会增加根际土细菌OTU数量,但会减少真菌OTU数量。综上,长枝木霉菌肥与化肥相比对玉米生长、生理、土壤养分、土壤酶活和土壤微生物群落的积极作用更为明显,有望在未来全部或部分的代替化肥,在促进玉米生长的同时,减少无机化肥的用量。

关键词: 长枝木霉菌肥, 玉米, 生长生理指标, 土壤微生物

Abstract:

In order to explore the application effect and mechanism of Trichoderma longibracteatus fertilizer in maize cultivation,3 treatments,YJ（0.01 g bacterial fertilizer per g soil）,YF（0.07% chemical fertilizer）and YD（0.01 g bacterial fertilizer matrix per g soil）,were set up by pot method. The growth,physiology,soil nutrients,soil enzyme activities and rhizosphere microbial community of maize under different treatments were measured. The results showed that YJ and YF treatments significantly promoted the growth of maize,and there was significant difference between them and YD treatment（P<0.05）,but there was no significant difference between YJ and YF treatment （P>0.05）. Compared with YD treatment,YJ and YF treatment increased maize seedling height,root length,aboveground dry weight,underground dry weight,aboveground fresh weight and underground fresh weight by 44.65% and 39.87%,75.74% and 71.25%,83.33% and 33.33%,300% and 150.00%,101.85% and 55.56%,356.67% and 130.00%,respectively. Compared with YD treatment,YJ and YF treatment improved the physiological indexes of maize,and YJ treatment had more obvious promoting effect on the physiological indexes of maize（P<0.05）. Both YJ and YF treatments increased soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities in maize rhizosphere,and YJ treatment increased more than YF treatment. The results showed that YJ treatment increased the number of fungal OTU and reduced the number of bacterial OTU in maize rhizosphere soil（P<0.05）. YF treatment increased the number of bacterial OTU in rhizosphere soil,but decreased the number of fungal OTU. In conclusion,compared with chemical fertilizer,T. longibracteatus fertilizer has a more obvious positive effect on maize growth,physiology,soil nutrients,soil enzyme activity and soil microbial community. It is expected to replace chemical fertilizer in whole or in part in the future,and reduce the consumption of inorganic chemical fertilizer while promoting maize growth.

Key words: Trichoderma longibrachiatum fertilizer, maize, growth physiological index, soil microorganism

祝静, 于存. 长枝木霉菌肥对玉米生长、土壤肥力和根际微生物的影响[J]. 生物技术通报, 2022, 38(4): 230-241.

ZHU Jing, YU Cun. Effects of Trichoderma longibrachiatum on Maize Growth,Soil Fertility and Rhizosphere Microorganism[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2022, 38(4): 230-241.

图/表 11

表1 长枝木霉菌肥对玉米生长的影响

Table 1 Effect of T. longissima fertilizer on maize growth

不同处理 Different treatment	苗高 Height /cm	根长 Root length/cm	侧根数 Lateral root number	干重Dry weight/（g·plant^-1）		鲜重Fresh weight/（g·plant^-1）
不同处理 Different treatment	苗高 Height /cm	根长 Root length/cm	侧根数 Lateral root number	地上Shoot	地下Root	地上Shoot	地下Root
YJ	24.20±0.61a	18.40±0.53a	8.67±2.08a	0.11±0.01a	0.08±0.01a	1.09±0.40a	1.37±0.14a
YF	23.40±1.73a	17.93±1.40a	7.00±2.65a	0.08±0.03a	0.05±0.01b	0.84±0.09a	0.69±0.33a
YD	16.73±1.58b	10.47±0.15b	2.67±1.15b	0.06±0.01b	0.02±0.01c	0.54±0.06b	0.30±0.11b

图1 不同处理下玉米生长图

Fig. 1 Real growth map of maize under different treatments

图2 长枝木霉菌肥对玉米幼苗生理的影响 A：可溶性蛋白;B：可溶性糖;C：叶绿素;D：根系活力;E：CAT;F：SOD;G：POD地上;H：POD地下

Fig.2 Effects of T. longibrachiatum fertilizer on physiology of maize seedlings A：Soluble protein. B：Soluble sugar. C：Chlorophyll. D：Root activity. E：CAT. F：SOD. G：POD shoot. H：POD root

表2 长枝木霉菌肥对玉米根际土壤养分的影响

Table 2 Effects of T. longibrachiatum fertilizer on soil nutrients in the rhizosphere of maize

不同处理 Different treatment	全磷Total phosphorus/（g·kg^-1）	有效磷Available pho-sphorus /（mg·kg^-1）	全钾Total potas-sium/（g·kg^-1）	速效钾Available Pota-ssium/（mg·kg^-1）	全氮Total nitro- gen /（g·kg^-1）	水解氮Hydrolyzed nitrogen /（mg·kg^-1）
YJ	2.25±0.10a	44.94±4.67a	2.70±0.35a	4.18±0.29a	14.33±2.65a	57.87±6.47a
YF	2.07±0.18a	43.62±4.09a	2.47±0.12ab	3.98±0.25a	12.88±1.48a	54.60±7.89a
YD	1.63±1.58b	29.45±3.84b	2.08±0.56b	3.66±0.72b	7.37±0.58b	46.67±4.28b

表3 长枝木霉菌肥对玉米根际土壤酶活性的影响

Table 3 Effects of T. longibrachiatum fertilizer on enzyme activities in maize rhizosphere soil

不同处理Different treatment	脲酶Urease/（mg·g^-1·d^-1）	蔗糖酶Sucrase/（mg·g^-1·d^-1）	磷酸酶Phosphatase/（mg·g^-1·d^-1）
YJ	128.00±2.88a	19.60±1.09a	2.45±0.30a
YF	99.06±4.99b	16.09±8.57a	2.43±0.21a
YD	93.40±5.44b	3.18±0.37b	2.05±0.66a

图3 不同处理下玉米土壤微生物OTU数量韦恩图 A：细菌;B：真菌

Fig. 3 Wayne diagram of OTU number of maize soil mic-roorganisms under different treatments A：Bacteria. B：Fungi

表4 各处理样本的微生物多样性指数

Table 4 Microbial diversity index of each treatment sample

处理 Treatment	细菌Bacteria				真菌Fungi
处理 Treatment	ACE	Chao1	Simpson	Shannon	ACE	Chao1	Simpson	Shannon
YJ	1015.42±82.20b	1009.43±80.19a	0.992±0.001a	8.40±0.15a	134.14±23.22a	133.19±22.43a	0.80±0.12a	3.46±0.84a
YF	1317.34±214.63a	1315.24±224.24a	0.988±0.010a	8.58±0.46a	105.54±26.19a	104.96±26.27a	0.76±0.49a	3.27±0.21a
YD	1292.47±87.36ab	1293.86±93.79a	0.991±0.020a	8.53±0.20a	111.37±16.12a	110.87±16.54a	0.82±0.35a	3.46±0.48a

图4 各样本在门水平上的群落结构 A：真菌门水平上的菌落结构柱状图;B：细菌门水平上的菌落结构柱状图;C：真菌门水平上的菌落结构热图;D：细菌门水平上的菌落结构热图

Fig. 4 Community structure of each sample at phylum level A：Histogram of colony structure at the level of Mycota. B：Histogram of colony structure at the level of bacterial phylum. C：Colony structure heat map at the level of Mycota. D：Colony structure heat map at bacterial phylum level

图5 各样本在属水平上的群落结构 A：真菌属水平上的菌落结构柱状图;B：细菌属水平上的菌落结构柱状;C：真菌属水平上的菌落结构热图;D：细菌属水平上的菌落结构热图

Fig. 5 Community structure of each sample at genus level A：Histogram of colony structure at the level of fungi. B：Histogram of colony structure at the bacterial genus level. C：Colony structure heat map at the fungal genus level. D：Colony structure heat map at the bacterial genus level

图6 不同处理土壤微生物功能预测 A：真菌;B：细菌

Fig. 6 Function prediction of soil fungi in different treatments A：Bacteria. B：Fungi

图7 玉米根际土壤微生物群落与土壤养分的RDA分析 A：真菌;B：细菌。TK：全钾;TN：全氮;TP：全磷;AK：速效钾;AP：有效磷;HN：水解氮

Fig. 7 RDA analysis of soil microbial community and soil nutrients in maize rhizosphere A：Fungus. B：Bacteria. TK：Total potassium. TN：Total nitrogen. TP：Total phosphorus. AK：Available potassium. AP：Available phosphorus. HN：Hydrolyzed nitrogen

参考文献 27

[1]	韩晓亮, 王秀茹, 侯琨, 等. 黑土夏玉米施用生物质炭最佳施用时期和最佳用量[J]. 浙江农林大学学报, 2019, 36(1):96-106.
	Han XL, Wang XR, Hou K, et al. Application period and dosage optimums for biochar additions in black soil with summer maize[J]. J Zhejiang A F Univ, 2019, 36(1):96-106.
[2]	杨雪. 木霉菌肥促春油菜生长及改良土壤效果研究[D]. 哈尔滨:东北林业大学, 2017.
	Yang X. Trichoderma BioFertilizer promote growth of spring rape cultivator and improve its cultivated soil[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University, 2017.
[3]	戴乐天. 真菌溶磷菌肥的研发及其促进玉米生长的效果研究[D]. 南京:南京农业大学, 2016.
	Dai LT. Development of phosphorus-solubilizing biofertilizer and its effect of promoting corn growth[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University, 2016.
[4]	李娜. 组合溶磷菌肥对土壤磷素有效性和油菜玉米产量的影响[D]. 太谷:山西农业大学, 2016.
	Li N. Effects of different combined phosphate-solubilizing microbial fertilizer on soil phosphorus availability and rapeseed corn yield[D]. Taigu:Shanxi Agricultural University, 2016.
[5]	冯伟, 杨军芳, 周晓芬, 等. 5种解磷溶磷菌肥在冀西山区旱地玉米上的肥效试验[J]. 河北农业科学, 2013, 17(2):38-40, 50.
	Feng W, Yang JF, Zhou XF, et al. Study on 5 kinds of phosphorus dissolving microbial fertilizer efficiency of dryland maize in west mountain regions of Hebei Province[J]. J Hebei Agric Sci, 2013, 17(2):38-40, 50.
[6]	Windham MT. A mechanism for increased plant growth induced byTrichodermaspp[J]. Phytopathology, 1986, 76(5):518. doi: 10.1094/Phyto-76-518 URL
[7]	刘佳, 张悦, 沈志彦, 等. 长枝木霉T6菌株对美洲南瓜枯萎病菌的抑制作用[J]. 西北农业学报, 2020, 29(12):1891-1897.
	Liu J, Zhang Y, Shen ZY, et al. Inhibitory effect of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 on pathogen of Fusarium wilt of Cucurbita pepo[J]. Acta Agric Boreali Occidentalis Sin, 2020, 29(12):1891-1897.
[8]	Li JH, Philp J, Li JS, et al. Trichoderma harzianum inoculation reduces the incidence of clubroot disease in Chinese cabbage by regulating the rhizosphere microbial community[J]. Microorganisms, 2020, 8(9):1325. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8091325 URL
[9]	姚英. 闽楠内生真菌多样性及其促生作用机制研究[D]. 贵阳:贵州大学, 2020.
	Yao Y. Study on the diversity of endophytic fungi and its promoting mechanism in Phoebe bournei[D]. Guiyang:Guizhou University, 2020.
[10]	邹雨婷, 朱铭玮, 李永荣, 等. ‘凤丹’种子发育及其营养物质含量和相关酶活性的动态变化[J]. 南京林业大学学报:自然科学版, 2021, 45(5):62-70.
	Zou YT, Zhu MW, Li YR, et al. Dynamic changes in nutrients content and related enzymes activity during Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan’ seeds development[J]. J Nanjing For Univ Nat Sci Ed, 2021, 45(5):62-70.
[11]	周燕, 杨习文, 周苏玫, 等. 小麦根中NADP-脱氢酶系统关键酶活性与根系活力和产量的关系分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(11):2060-2071.
	Zhou Y, Yang XW, Zhou SM, et al. Activities of key enzymes in root NADP-dehydrogenase system and their relationships with root vigor and grain yield formation in wheat[J]. Sci Agric Sin, 2018, 51(11):2060-2071.
[12]	李健, 蒋志荣, 等. 水分胁迫下四种滨藜属植物保护酶活性的变化[J]. 甘肃农业大学学报, 2006, 41(5):76-80.
	Li J, Jiang ZR, et al. Change of protective enzyme activity of the four species in the genus Atriplex under water stress[J]. J Gansu Agric Univ, 2006, 41(5):76-80.
[13]	鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析[M]. 3版. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2000.
	Bao SD. Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis[M]. 3rd ed. Beijing: Chinese Agriculture Press, 2000.
[14]	关松荫. 土壤酶及其研究法[M]. 北京: 农业出版社, 1986.
	Guan SY. Soil enzyme and its research method[M]. Beijing: Agriculture Press, 1986.
[15]	王元基. 覆盖模式下黄土高原苹果园土壤质量提升效应的微生物学机制[D]. 杨凌:西北农林科技大学, 2020.
	Wang YJ. The microbiological mechanism of soil quality improvement effect under mulching pattern in apple orchard on loess plateau[D]. Yangling:Northwest A & F University, 2020.
[16]	许来鹏, 万鲜花, 等. 畜禽粪肥和秸秆还田对玉米根际微生物群落结构的影响[J]. 生物技术通报, 2020, 36(9):137-146. doi: 10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2020-0913
	Xu LP, Wan XH, et al. Effects of livestock manure and straw returning to field on microbial community structure around maize rhizosphere[J]. Biotechnol Bull, 2020, 36(9):137-146.
[17]	吴云艳. 生物菌肥对玉米根系特性及土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 辽东学院学报:自然科学版, 2020, 27(4):229-233.
	Wu YY. Effect of biological fertilizer on maize root characteristics and soil enzyme activities[J]. J East Liaoning Univ Nat Sci Ed, 2020, 27(4):229-233.
[18]	郭成, 张小杰, 徐生军, 等. 长枝木霉菌株GAAS L3-1-0. 8对玉米形态学指标影响及其生物学特性[J]. 玉米科学, 2018, 26(3):153-159.
	Guo C, Zhang XJ, Xu SJ, et al. Effects of Trichoderma longibrachiatum strain GAAS L3-1-0. 8 on the morphological indices of corn and biological characteristics[J]. J Maize Sci, 2018, 26(3):153-159.
[19]	杨春平, 张晋康, 陈华保, 等. 绿色木霉L24菌株分生孢子可湿性粉剂的研制[J]. 西北农业学报, 2010, 19(9):43-47.
	Yang CP, Zhang JK, Chen HB, et al. Preparation of Trichoderma viride L24 conidia wettable powder[J]. Acta Agric Boreali Occidentalis Sin, 2010, 19(9):43-47.
[20]	武杞蔓, 张金梅, 等. 有益微生物菌肥对农作物的作用机制研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2021, 37(5):221-230. doi: 10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2020-0846
	Wu QM, Zhang JM, et al. Recent advances on the mechanism of beneficial microbial fertilizers in crops[J]. Biotechnol Bull, 2021, 37(5):221-230.
[21]	和文祥, 朱铭莪. 陕西土壤脲酶活性与土壤肥力关系分析[J]. 土壤学报, 1997, 34(4):392-398.
	He WX, Zhu ME. Relationship between urease activity and fertility of soils in Shaanxi Province[J]. Acta Pedol Sin, 1997, 34(4):392-398.
[22]	朱书豪. 树脂包膜控释尿素施用对南方稻田土壤的环境效应研究[D]. 北京:中国农业科学院, 2021.
	Zhu SH. Soil environmental effects of resin coated controlled release urea application on paddy field in Southern China[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2021.
[23]	Pang G, et al. Trichoderma-enriched organic fertilizer can mitigate microbiome degeneration of monocropped soil to maintain better plant growth[J]. Plant Soil, 2017, 416(1/2):181-192. doi: 10.1007/s11104-017-3178-0 URL
[24]	杨顺, 等. 两株溶磷真菌的筛选、鉴定及溶磷效果的评价[J]. 微生物学报, 2018, 58(2):264-273.
	Yang S, et al. Isolation and evaluation of two phosphate-dissolving fungi[J]. Acta Microbiol Sin, 2018, 58(2):264-273.
[25]	徐全智, 孙牧笛, 李帆, 等. 宁夏枸杞内生真菌的分离及多样性分析[J]. 北方园艺, 2017(10):103-109.
	Xu QZ, Sun MD, Li F, et al. Separation and diversity analysis of endophytic fungi from Lycium barbarum L. in Ningxia[J]. North Hortic, 2017(10):103-109.
[26]	孙倩, 吴宏亮, 等. 宁夏中部干旱带不同作物根际土壤真菌群落多样性及群落结构[J]. 微生物学通报, 2019, 46(11):2963-2972.
	Sun Q, Wu HL, et al. Fungal community diversity and structure in rhizosphere soil of different crops in the arid zone of central Ningxia[J]. Microbiol China, 2019, 46(11):2963-2972.
[27]	张屹, 何英, 肖姬玲, 等. 棘孢木霉M45a的定殖能力及其对水稻促生作用研究[J]. 安徽农业大学学报, 2021, 48(2):261-265.
	Zhang Y, He Y, Xiao JL, et al. Study on growth-promoting effect of Trichoderma asperellum M45a and its colonization in rice[J]. J Anhui Agric Univ, 2021, 48(2):261-265.