麦类作物籽粒颜色性状的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2026-0033

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

麦类作物包括小麦、大麦（青稞）、燕麦、黑麦等，其籽粒颜色性状表现出丰富的遗传多样性，呈现黄色、紫色、蓝色、红色、绿色及黑色等。籽粒颜色主要由果皮、种皮和糊粉层等细胞结构中积累的色素种类及含量决定，其中花青素、原花青素及其他酚类物质等是影响籽粒颜色形成的重要物质基础。籽粒颜色的形成受基因调控，同时也受外界环境和栽培措施的影响。籽粒颜色是作物种子最显著的外观表型特征之一，明确麦类作物籽粒颜色形成的细胞学基础和遗传机制，对麦类特色功能型品种选育具有重要意义。目前，国内外关于麦类作物籽粒颜色的研究主要集中于色素物质组成及其代谢途径、相关基因定位克隆及其分子调控机制等方面。本文系统综述了主要麦类作物籽粒颜色表型，基于细胞学基础的分级分类标准及其遗传机制，探讨籽粒颜色性状在作物育种中的应用，并对后续研究方向进行展望，旨在为麦类作物籽粒颜色性状的遗传改良及加工品质优化提供理论依据。

关键词: 麦类作物, 籽粒颜色, 遗传机制, 色素, 育种

Abstract:

Cereal crops include wheat, barley (hulless barley/qingke), oat, and rye. These crops exhibit rich genetic diversity in grain color traits, presenting colors such as yellow, purple, blue, red, green, and black. The formation of distinct grain colors is determined by the composition and accumulation of pigments deposited in cellular structures of the kernel, including the pericarp, seed coat, and aleurone layer. Anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and other phenolic compounds constitute the important material basis influencing grain color formation. Grain color is mainly governed by genetic factors, although external environmental conditions and cultivation practices also affect its phenotypic expression. As one of the most striking visual traits of cereal grains, grain color is a key phenotypic characteristic of crop seeds. Understanding the cytological basis and genetic mechanisms underlying grain color formation in cereal crops is of great significance for the breeding of specialty functional varieties. Currently, research on grain color in cereal crops both domestically and internationally has mainly focused on the composition and metabolic pathways of pigment substances, as well as the mapping, cloning, and molecular regulatory mechanisms of related genes. This paper systematically reviews the grain color phenotypes, grading and classification criteria based on cytological foundations, and the genetic mechanisms underlying grain color formation, discusses the application of grain color traits in crop breeding as well as future research directions, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of grain color traits and the optimization of processing quality in cereal crops.

Key words: cereal crops, grain color, genetic mechanism, pigment, breeding

陈思旭, 吴昆仑, 李新. 麦类作物籽粒颜色性状的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2026, 42(12): 1-13.

CHEN Si-xu, WU Kun-lun, LI Xin. Research Progress in Grain Color Traits in Cereal Crops[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(12): 1-13.

图/表 11

参考文献 71

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种子颜色 Seed color	色素沉积部位 Pigment deposition sites	色素种类 Pigment species
紫色 Purple	种皮 Seed coat	花青素 Anthocyanins
蓝色 Blue	糊粉层 Aleurone layer	花青素 Anthocyanins
蓝紫色 Blue-purple	种皮、糊粉层 Seed coat， aleurone layer	花青素 Anthocyanins
黑色 Black	种皮、糊粉层、胚乳 Seed coat， aleurone layer， endosperm	花青素 Anthocyanins
绿色 Green	‒	叶绿素 Chlorophyll
红色 Red	种皮 Seed coat	植物鞣红 Phlobaphene
黄色 Yellow	‒	‒

种子颜色 Seed color	色素沉积部位 Pigment deposition sites	色素种类 Pigment species
紫色 Purple	种皮 Seed coat	花青素 Anthocyanins
蓝色 Blue	糊粉层 Aleurone layer	花青素 Anthocyanins
蓝紫色 Blue-purple	种皮、糊粉层 Seed coat， aleurone layer	花青素 Anthocyanins
黑色 Black	种皮、糊粉层、胚乳 Seed coat， aleurone layer， endosperm	花青素 Anthocyanins
绿色 Green	‒	叶绿素 Chlorophyll
红色 Red	种皮 Seed coat	植物鞣红 Phlobaphene
黄色 Yellow	‒	‒