基因编辑技术在棉花种质创新和遗传改良中的应用

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2023-1054

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

棉花是全球重要的经济作物和纺织工业原料，选育优良新品种是提高棉花产量、品质和植棉效益的主要途径。然而，传统育种方法在改良作物遗传特性方面存在很大的局限性，而基因编辑技术为加快棉花种质创新和遗传改良提供了契机。基因编辑技术是一种利用人工设计的核苷酸酶，对生物体特定DNA序列的基因组片段进行删除、修改、插入或替换单个或多个核苷酸，从而实现对目标基因精确编辑的技术方法。本文首先综述了ZFNs、TALENs和CRISPR三种主要基因编辑系统的原理，以更好地理解如何利用基因编辑技术改良棉花的生长发育、抗逆性等性状；其次，重点评述了当前备受关注的CRISPR基因编辑系统在改良棉花抗逆性、纤维与种子品质性状等方面的应用；最后分析了基因编辑技术在应用过程中存在的不足和局限，并指出未来应进一步优化开发有知识产权的基因编辑系统，提高其精确性、安全性，促进其在棉花种质创新和遗传改良中的应用。

关键词: 基因编辑, 棉花, 遗传改良, CRISPR/Cas9

Abstract:

Cotton is a globally important cash crop and a crucial raw material for the textile industry. Breeding superior cultivars is the primary approach for increasing cotton yield, fiber quality and agronomic benefits. While traditional breeding methods are increasingly limited in improving the genetic traits of crops, gene editing technology offers opportunities to promote germplasm innovation and genetic improvement in cotton. Gene editing is a technology that utilizes engineered nucleases to precisely edit the DNA sequences of an organism's genome by deleting, modifying, inserting or replacing individual or multiple nucleotides in specific target genes. This article reviews the principles of three major gene editing systems, namely ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR, aiming to better understand how gene editing technology can be used to enhance cotton growth, development, and stress tolerance. Specifically, a comprehensive overview of the CRISPR gene editing system, which has gained significant attention, is provided, summarizing its current applications in improving cotton stress tolerance and other desirable traits. In addition, this article analyzes the shortcomings and limitations of gene editing technology, emphasizes the need for further research of optimizing and developing gene editing system with intellectual property right as well as increasing its accuracy and safety, and thus leverage its application in germplasm innovation and genetic improvement in cotton.

Key words: gene editing, cotton, genetic improvement, CRISPR/Cas9

侯文婷, 孙琳, 张艳军, 董合忠. 基因编辑技术在棉花种质创新和遗传改良中的应用[J]. 生物技术通报, 2024, 40(7): 68-77.

HOU Wen-ting, SUN Lin, ZHANG Yan-jun, DONG He-zhong. Application of Gene-editing Technology for Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement in Cotton[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2024, 40(7): 68-77.

图/表 1

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