Research Progress in the Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Plant Trichome Development

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-1037

Abstract

Abstract:

Plant trichomes are specialized protrusive structures differentiated from plant epidermal cells. As crucial evolutionary features for plants to adapt to the environment over the long term, they play key roles in resisting biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as in the formation of products such as cotton fibers and secondary metabolites in tea leaves. This article systematically reviews the research progress on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of trichome development in herbaceous plants (Arabidopsis thaliana, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), cotton (Gossypium), and rice (Oryza sativa)) and woody plants (poplar (Populus tremula × P. alba clone), tea (Camellia sinensis), and peach (Prunus persica)). In A. thaliana, the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) transcription complex constitutes the core conserved module regulating trichome initiation and morphogenesis, achieving precise regulation through positive and negative feedback loops. In tomato, a more complex regulatory network dominated by HD-Zip transcription factors is present. During cotton fiber development, transcription factors such as R2R3 MYB play key roles and functional specific differentiation. As a monocotyledon, the development of trichomes in rice has formed a unique regulatory network that is distinct from that in dicotyledons. Studies on woody plants have shown that poplar and tea still retain part of the conserved MBW core regulatory mechanism, while a novel pathway independent of the complete MBW complex has evolved in the trichome development of peach fruits. By comparatively analyzing the conservation and specificity of trichome regulatory networks across different species, this article provides a theoretical basis for revealing the molecular evolutionary mechanism of plant trichome development and offers potential targets for the molecular breeding improvement of crop stress resistance and economic traits.

Key words: plant trichomes, molecular regulation, transcription factors, MBW complex

QIN Zi-lu, SUN Hai-yan, CHEN Ying-nan. Research Progress in the Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Plant Trichome Development[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(9): 1-13.

Figures/Tables 3

References 61

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植物 Plant	基因家族 Gene family	基因名称 Gene name	转基因或突变体材料表型 Phenotype of transgenic or mutant materials	互作蛋白 Interacting protein	下游调控基因 Downstream regulatory gene	参考文献 Reference
拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	R2R3 MYB	AtNOK	野生型中nok突变体的表皮毛分支数量增加，过表达NOK分支数量减少； gl3-sst nok突变体中，过表达AtNOK导致额外的分支形成	---	---	［6-7］
	R2R3 MYB	AtGL1	gl1突变体叶片无毛；过表达AtGL1叶片表皮毛减少	AtGL3/AtEGL3； AtTTG1	AtGL2	［8-9］
	R2R3 MYB	AtMYB23	mby23突变体表皮毛分支减少；过表达AtMYB23导致下胚轴产生异位表皮毛	AtGL3/AtEGL3； AtTTG1	AtGL2	［10］
	R2R3 MYB	AtMYB82	AtGL1启动子驱动AtMYB82可以回补gl1突变体的表皮毛缺陷；将AtMYB82与显性抑制结构域（SRDX）融合以抑制其功能，导致拟南芥仅叶缘残留少量表皮毛；过表达N端截短型AtMYB82，导致拟南芥出现无毛叶片	---	---	［11］
	bHLH	AtGL3	gl3突变体表皮毛分支减少	AtGl1；AtTTG1	AtGL2	［12］
	bHLH	AtEGL3	egl3突变体表皮毛数量和分支减少； gl3 egl3双突变体完全无毛	AtGl1；AtTTG1	AtGL2	［13-14］
	WD40	AtTTG1	ttg1突变体叶片和茎无毛	AtGL1； AtGL3/AtEGL3	AtGL2	［16］
	HD-Zip	AtGL2	gl2突变体表皮毛分支减少或畸形	---	---	［17］
	R3 MYB	AtCPC	cpc突变体表皮毛增加；过表达AtCPC导致表皮毛减少	AtGL3/AtEAtGL3； AtTTG1	---	［18］
	R3 MYB	AtTRY	try突变体表皮毛成簇生长且分支增加； try cpc双突变体中出现更大的叶表皮毛簇	AtGL3/AtEGL3； AtTTG1	---	［18］
番茄 Solanum lycopersicum	HD-Zip	SlCD2	突变体中叶片VI型腺毛密度减少	---	---	［21］
	HD-Zip	SlWo	SlWo的功能获得性突变体LA3186导致叶片I型毛状体密度增加； SlWo-RNAi则使叶片I型毛状体几乎消失； wo^W106R 显性负突变体的花药边缘连锁表皮毛数量减少； Wo^P635R 功能增强突变体的花药边缘连锁表皮毛数量显著增加	SlCycB2	---	［20，22］
	HD-Zip	SlHZ45	过表达SlHZ45增加了番茄叶片Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ型腺体毛	---	---	［23］
	HD-Zip	SlLn	过表达SlLn使叶片I、III、V型表皮毛密度增加；敲除SlLn表皮毛密度明显降低	SlWo； SlH	SlCycB2； SlCycB3	［24］
	HD-Zip	SlHD7/SlHD7L	cr-hd7/hd7l双敲除突变体的花药边缘连锁表皮毛几乎完全缺失	---	---	［20］
	C2H2	SlH	敲除SlH抑制叶片I型表皮毛形成	SlWo；SlLn	---	［25］
	R2R3 MYB	SlMX1	过表达SlMX1叶表皮毛增加； SlMX1-RNAi株系叶片表皮毛减少	---	---	［26］
	MYB-like	SlGCR1/SlGCR2	gcr1中叶片非腺毛转化为腺毛； gcr2无显著表型； gcr1/2双突变体叶片腺毛显著增多	---	SlLFS	［27］
	bHLH	SlMYC1	敲低SlMYC1使叶片VI型腺毛密度降低；myc1纯合突变体和CRISPR-Cas9敲除株系，叶片Ⅵ型腺毛完全缺失			［28］
	---	SlHl	hl突变体叶片表皮毛严重弯曲、缩短	---	---	［30］
	---	SlHl-2	hl-2突变体叶片和茎杆表皮毛畸形；过表达SlHl-2可恢复hl-2突变体的叶片表皮毛； CRISPR敲除或RNAi沉默SlHl-2导致野生型叶片表皮毛扭曲	---	---	［29］
	HD-Zip	SlHDZIV8	敲低SlHDZIV8使叶片表皮毛出现扭曲、密度降低	---	SlHl-2	［29］
	B-type cyclin	SlCycB2/SlCycB3	过表达SlCycB2会导致叶片几乎所有非腺毛和腺毛消失，仅残留异常Ⅲ型类似毛； SlCycB2-RNAi抑制其表达则促进叶片Ⅲ、Ⅴ型非腺毛显著增加；同源基因SlCycB3与SlCycB2功能相似	---	---	［31］
棉 Gossypium	WD40	GhTTG1；GhTTG3	GhTTG1和GhTTG3能恢复拟南芥ttg1突变体的表皮毛；在拟南芥中过表达GhTTG1或GhTTG3使叶片表皮毛增加	---	---	［33］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMYB25	在烟草中过表达GhMYB25表皮毛数量增加	---	---	［34］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMYB25-like	GhMYB25-like- RNAi使棉花种子几乎无纤维	---	GhMYB25； GhMYB109	［35］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMML4_D12	VIGS沉默GhMML4_D12后长纤维减少	---	---	［36］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMML3	沉默GhMML3会导致短绒纤维缺失，长纤维产量也大幅减少	---	---	［36］
	R2R3 MYB	GaMYB2	在拟南芥中，AtGL1启动子驱动的GaMYB2可回补gl1突变体的表皮毛； 35S启动子驱动的GaMYB2使野生型和gl1突变体拟南芥种子产生表皮毛	---	---	［37］
	HD-Zip	GaHOX1	AtGL2启动子驱动下可完全恢复拟南芥gl2-2突变体表皮毛； 35S启动子驱动时抑制野生型表皮毛发育，莲座叶表皮毛密度也降低	---	---	［38］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMYB212	敲除GhMYB212导致棉花纤维长度缩短	---	GhSWEET12	［39］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMYB109	反义抑制GhMYB109使纤维伸长受阻	---	GhACO1； GhACO2	［40］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMYB102	过表达GhMYB102会导致纤维变短、次生壁增厚	---	GhIRX10	［41］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMYB30	过表达GhMUR3会使纤维长度显著缩短，纤维细度增加； GhMUR3-RNAi会使纤维细度下降	---	GhMUR3	［42］
	HD-Zip	GhHOX3	GhHOX3共抑制和RNAi株系纤维长度减少，共抑制株系长纤维完全消失，仅残留极短纤维；过表达株系纤维长度增加	---	GhRDL1	［43］
水稻 Oryza sativa	WOX	OsWOX3B/LOC_Os05g02730	在有毛品种中通过RNAi抑制OsWOX3B表达后，叶片和颖壳均无毛；将OsWOX3B基因由自身启动子驱动转入HMK后，转基因植株叶片恢复有毛表型； glr1突变体叶片和颖壳光滑无毛	---	---	［45-46］
	---	LOC_Os01g70100	glr2突变体叶片的长毛、微毛和颖壳表皮毛缺失，但腺毛发育正常	---	---	［44］
	SBP-box	OsGLR3/OsSPL10	glr3叶片和颖壳光滑无毛	---	OsSCR1	［49-50］
	GRAS	OsSCR1/2	osscr1的长毛和微毛数量显著减少，腺毛发育正常，osscr2无明显变化； osscr1 osscr2双突变体几乎无长毛和微毛，腺毛数量减少；过表达OsSCR1或OsSCR2，叶片3种表皮毛数量均显著增加；将由自身启动子启动的OsSCR1或OsSCR2转入osscr1 osscr2双突变体，OsSCR1可完全恢复双突变体的表皮毛缺陷，OsSCR2仅能部分恢复	---	OsWOX3B	［51］

植物 Plant	基因家族 Gene family	基因名称 Gene name	转基因或突变体材料表型 Phenotype of transgenic or mutant materials	互作蛋白 Interacting protein	下游调控基因 Downstream regulatory gene	参考文献 Reference
拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	R2R3 MYB	AtNOK	野生型中nok突变体的表皮毛分支数量增加，过表达NOK分支数量减少； gl3-sst nok突变体中，过表达AtNOK导致额外的分支形成	---	---	［6-7］
	R2R3 MYB	AtGL1	gl1突变体叶片无毛；过表达AtGL1叶片表皮毛减少	AtGL3/AtEGL3； AtTTG1	AtGL2	［8-9］
	R2R3 MYB	AtMYB23	mby23突变体表皮毛分支减少；过表达AtMYB23导致下胚轴产生异位表皮毛	AtGL3/AtEGL3； AtTTG1	AtGL2	［10］
	R2R3 MYB	AtMYB82	AtGL1启动子驱动AtMYB82可以回补gl1突变体的表皮毛缺陷；将AtMYB82与显性抑制结构域（SRDX）融合以抑制其功能，导致拟南芥仅叶缘残留少量表皮毛；过表达N端截短型AtMYB82，导致拟南芥出现无毛叶片	---	---	［11］
	bHLH	AtGL3	gl3突变体表皮毛分支减少	AtGl1；AtTTG1	AtGL2	［12］
	bHLH	AtEGL3	egl3突变体表皮毛数量和分支减少； gl3 egl3双突变体完全无毛	AtGl1；AtTTG1	AtGL2	［13-14］
	WD40	AtTTG1	ttg1突变体叶片和茎无毛	AtGL1； AtGL3/AtEGL3	AtGL2	［16］
	HD-Zip	AtGL2	gl2突变体表皮毛分支减少或畸形	---	---	［17］
	R3 MYB	AtCPC	cpc突变体表皮毛增加；过表达AtCPC导致表皮毛减少	AtGL3/AtEAtGL3； AtTTG1	---	［18］
	R3 MYB	AtTRY	try突变体表皮毛成簇生长且分支增加； try cpc双突变体中出现更大的叶表皮毛簇	AtGL3/AtEGL3； AtTTG1	---	［18］
番茄 Solanum lycopersicum	HD-Zip	SlCD2	突变体中叶片VI型腺毛密度减少	---	---	［21］
	HD-Zip	SlWo	SlWo的功能获得性突变体LA3186导致叶片I型毛状体密度增加； SlWo-RNAi则使叶片I型毛状体几乎消失； wo^W106R 显性负突变体的花药边缘连锁表皮毛数量减少； Wo^P635R 功能增强突变体的花药边缘连锁表皮毛数量显著增加	SlCycB2	---	［20，22］
	HD-Zip	SlHZ45	过表达SlHZ45增加了番茄叶片Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ型腺体毛	---	---	［23］
	HD-Zip	SlLn	过表达SlLn使叶片I、III、V型表皮毛密度增加；敲除SlLn表皮毛密度明显降低	SlWo； SlH	SlCycB2； SlCycB3	［24］
	HD-Zip	SlHD7/SlHD7L	cr-hd7/hd7l双敲除突变体的花药边缘连锁表皮毛几乎完全缺失	---	---	［20］
	C2H2	SlH	敲除SlH抑制叶片I型表皮毛形成	SlWo；SlLn	---	［25］
	R2R3 MYB	SlMX1	过表达SlMX1叶表皮毛增加； SlMX1-RNAi株系叶片表皮毛减少	---	---	［26］
	MYB-like	SlGCR1/SlGCR2	gcr1中叶片非腺毛转化为腺毛； gcr2无显著表型； gcr1/2双突变体叶片腺毛显著增多	---	SlLFS	［27］
	bHLH	SlMYC1	敲低SlMYC1使叶片VI型腺毛密度降低；myc1纯合突变体和CRISPR-Cas9敲除株系，叶片Ⅵ型腺毛完全缺失			［28］
	---	SlHl	hl突变体叶片表皮毛严重弯曲、缩短	---	---	［30］
	---	SlHl-2	hl-2突变体叶片和茎杆表皮毛畸形；过表达SlHl-2可恢复hl-2突变体的叶片表皮毛； CRISPR敲除或RNAi沉默SlHl-2导致野生型叶片表皮毛扭曲	---	---	［29］
	HD-Zip	SlHDZIV8	敲低SlHDZIV8使叶片表皮毛出现扭曲、密度降低	---	SlHl-2	［29］
	B-type cyclin	SlCycB2/SlCycB3	过表达SlCycB2会导致叶片几乎所有非腺毛和腺毛消失，仅残留异常Ⅲ型类似毛； SlCycB2-RNAi抑制其表达则促进叶片Ⅲ、Ⅴ型非腺毛显著增加；同源基因SlCycB3与SlCycB2功能相似	---	---	［31］
棉 Gossypium	WD40	GhTTG1；GhTTG3	GhTTG1和GhTTG3能恢复拟南芥ttg1突变体的表皮毛；在拟南芥中过表达GhTTG1或GhTTG3使叶片表皮毛增加	---	---	［33］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMYB25	在烟草中过表达GhMYB25表皮毛数量增加	---	---	［34］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMYB25-like	GhMYB25-like- RNAi使棉花种子几乎无纤维	---	GhMYB25； GhMYB109	［35］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMML4_D12	VIGS沉默GhMML4_D12后长纤维减少	---	---	［36］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMML3	沉默GhMML3会导致短绒纤维缺失，长纤维产量也大幅减少	---	---	［36］
	R2R3 MYB	GaMYB2	在拟南芥中，AtGL1启动子驱动的GaMYB2可回补gl1突变体的表皮毛； 35S启动子驱动的GaMYB2使野生型和gl1突变体拟南芥种子产生表皮毛	---	---	［37］
	HD-Zip	GaHOX1	AtGL2启动子驱动下可完全恢复拟南芥gl2-2突变体表皮毛； 35S启动子驱动时抑制野生型表皮毛发育，莲座叶表皮毛密度也降低	---	---	［38］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMYB212	敲除GhMYB212导致棉花纤维长度缩短	---	GhSWEET12	［39］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMYB109	反义抑制GhMYB109使纤维伸长受阻	---	GhACO1； GhACO2	［40］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMYB102	过表达GhMYB102会导致纤维变短、次生壁增厚	---	GhIRX10	［41］
	R2R3 MYB	GhMYB30	过表达GhMUR3会使纤维长度显著缩短，纤维细度增加； GhMUR3-RNAi会使纤维细度下降	---	GhMUR3	［42］
	HD-Zip	GhHOX3	GhHOX3共抑制和RNAi株系纤维长度减少，共抑制株系长纤维完全消失，仅残留极短纤维；过表达株系纤维长度增加	---	GhRDL1	［43］
水稻 Oryza sativa	WOX	OsWOX3B/LOC_Os05g02730	在有毛品种中通过RNAi抑制OsWOX3B表达后，叶片和颖壳均无毛；将OsWOX3B基因由自身启动子驱动转入HMK后，转基因植株叶片恢复有毛表型； glr1突变体叶片和颖壳光滑无毛	---	---	［45-46］
	---	LOC_Os01g70100	glr2突变体叶片的长毛、微毛和颖壳表皮毛缺失，但腺毛发育正常	---	---	［44］
	SBP-box	OsGLR3/OsSPL10	glr3叶片和颖壳光滑无毛	---	OsSCR1	［49-50］
	GRAS	OsSCR1/2	osscr1的长毛和微毛数量显著减少，腺毛发育正常，osscr2无明显变化； osscr1 osscr2双突变体几乎无长毛和微毛，腺毛数量减少；过表达OsSCR1或OsSCR2，叶片3种表皮毛数量均显著增加；将由自身启动子启动的OsSCR1或OsSCR2转入osscr1 osscr2双突变体，OsSCR1可完全恢复双突变体的表皮毛缺陷，OsSCR2仅能部分恢复	---	OsWOX3B	［51］

植物 Plant	基因家族 Gene family	基因名称 Gene name	转基因或突变体材料表型 Phenotype of transgenic or mutant materials	互作蛋白 Interacting protein	下游调控基因Downstream regulatory gene	参考文献 Reference
杨树 Populus	R2R3 MYB	PtaMYB186； PtaMYB138；PtaMYB38	过表达PtaMYB186表皮毛增加；同时敲除PtaMYB186、PtaMYB138及PtaMYB38，产生无毛突变体	---	---	［53-54］
	TCP	PtoTCP19	miR319a通过靶向抑制PtoTCP19表达，增加叶片表皮毛密度	PtoRGA； PtoGL1	---	［55］
	MTA	PtrMTA	过表达PtrMTA使杨树叶片表皮毛密度增加	---	---	［56］
	R2R3 MYB	PdeMIXTA04	在拟南芥gl1突变体中过表达PdeMIXTA04能回补表型；在野生型中过表达表皮毛密度提高	PdeMYC； PdeWD40	---	［58］
	MADS-box	PtrAG； PtrSTK	PtrAG-RNAi使杨树雌花花器官形态异常；当PtrAG和PtrSTK被RNAi共抑制时，种子和种毛完全缺失	---	---	［59］
茶树 Camellia sinensis	R2R3 MYB	CsMYB1	过表达CsMYB1可以回补拟南芥gl1突变体的表皮毛	CsGL3； CsWD40	CsGL2	［60］
桃树 Prunus persica	R2R3 MYB	PpMYB25	在拟南芥中过表达PpMYB25叶片表皮毛增加	---	PpMYB26； PpHDG11	［61］

植物 Plant	基因家族 Gene family	基因名称 Gene name	转基因或突变体材料表型 Phenotype of transgenic or mutant materials	互作蛋白 Interacting protein	下游调控基因Downstream regulatory gene	参考文献 Reference
杨树 Populus	R2R3 MYB	PtaMYB186； PtaMYB138；PtaMYB38	过表达PtaMYB186表皮毛增加；同时敲除PtaMYB186、PtaMYB138及PtaMYB38，产生无毛突变体	---	---	［53-54］
	TCP	PtoTCP19	miR319a通过靶向抑制PtoTCP19表达，增加叶片表皮毛密度	PtoRGA； PtoGL1	---	［55］
	MTA	PtrMTA	过表达PtrMTA使杨树叶片表皮毛密度增加	---	---	［56］
	R2R3 MYB	PdeMIXTA04	在拟南芥gl1突变体中过表达PdeMIXTA04能回补表型；在野生型中过表达表皮毛密度提高	PdeMYC； PdeWD40	---	［58］
	MADS-box	PtrAG； PtrSTK	PtrAG-RNAi使杨树雌花花器官形态异常；当PtrAG和PtrSTK被RNAi共抑制时，种子和种毛完全缺失	---	---	［59］
茶树 Camellia sinensis	R2R3 MYB	CsMYB1	过表达CsMYB1可以回补拟南芥gl1突变体的表皮毛	CsGL3； CsWD40	CsGL2	［60］
桃树 Prunus persica	R2R3 MYB	PpMYB25	在拟南芥中过表达PpMYB25叶片表皮毛增加	---	PpMYB26； PpHDG11	［61］