施用生物炭对连作三七根际真菌群落与存活率的影响

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2022-1358

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

真菌群落组成与多样性是反映土壤健康的重要指标。为探究生物炭对三七连作土壤真菌群落的影响，本研究以10年三七连作土壤为研究对象，生物炭施加量为0、12与15 t/ha（T0、T1与T2），在三七移栽18个月后，利用高通量测序技术和实时荧光定量PCR技术，分析了不同处理下三七根际土壤真菌群落多样性和病原尖孢镰刀菌丰度，探索了土壤理化因子与真菌群落变化的关联性，以及生物炭对连作三七存活率的影响。结果表明，T2处理下三七根际土壤pH、NO₃^--N和有效钾含量分别提高了6.5%、13.6%和40.3%，NH₄⁺-N含量降低了21.2%，真菌α多样性显著升高（P<0.05），且与对照相比较，群落呈明显分化格局。在门分类水平上，T2处理下被孢霉门（Mortierellomycota）相对丰度显著增加；在属分类水平上，被孢霉属（Mortierella）相对丰度显著增加，而镰刀菌属（Fusarium）相对丰度显著降低。荧光定量PCR分析表明，施用生物炭显著降低了土壤中尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）丰度（P<0.05）；此外，与对照组相比较，T2处理下三七存活率提高了24.0%，且其与土壤pH、真菌α多样性和被孢霉属相对丰度呈显著正相关，与NH₄⁺-N含量和尖孢镰刀菌丰度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。因此，施用生物炭通过改良三七连作土壤理化性质，增加有益真菌丰度，降低病原尖孢镰刀菌丰度，调节真菌群落结构，显著提高了三七存活率，是消减三七连作障碍的有效措施。

关键词: 三七, 连作障碍, 土壤养分, 根际微生物, 尖孢镰刀菌

Abstract:

Fungal community composition and diversity are important indicators for soil health. In order to explore the effects of biochar on the soil fungal community of Panax notoginseng under continuous cropping, biochar was applied at 0, 12, and 15 t/ha（T0, T1, and T2）to the soil which has cultivated P. notoginseng for 10 years. After transplanting for 18 months, soil fungal diversity and the abundance of pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum in the rhizosphere of P. notoginseng under different treatments were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and qPCR technology. Moreover, the correlations between soil physicochemical factors and changes in fungal community, and the effects of biochar on the survival rate of P. notoginseng were explored. The results showed that soil pH, NO₃^--N, and available potassium（AK）contents in the rhizosphere soil increased by 6.5%, 13.6%, and 40.3% respectively under T2 treatment, however, soil NH₄⁺-N content decreased by 21.2%. Biochar application significantly increased fungal α diversity and altered fungal community composition. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota significantly increased under biochar treatment. At the genus level, while the relative abundance of Fusarium decreased, the relative abundance of Mortierella increased significantly（P<0.05）, qPCR analysis showed that the abundance of pathogenic F. oxysporum significantly decreased with biochar application（P<0.05）. The survival rate of P. notoginseng increased by 24.0% under T2 treatment, which was positively correlated with soil pH, fungal α diversity, and relative abundance of Mortierella, but negatively correlated with NH₄⁺-N content and F. oxysporum abundance（P<0.05）. Therefore, the application of biochar improved soil physicochemical properties, changed soil fungal community, increased the abundance of beneficial fungi, and decreased the abundance of pathogenic F. oxysporum, which effectively increased the survival rate of P. notoginseng under continuous cropping. Our data indicated that biochar was effective to reduce the replant problem of P. notoginseng.

Key words: Panax notoginseng, continuous cropping obstacle, soil nutrients, rhizosphere microorganisms, Fusarium oxysporum

赵林艳, 徐武美, 王豪吉, 王昆艳, 魏富刚, 杨绍周, 官会林. 施用生物炭对连作三七根际真菌群落与存活率的影响[J]. 生物技术通报, 2023, 39(7): 219-227.

ZHAO Lin-yan, XU Wu-mei, WANG Hao-ji, WANG Kun-yan, WEI Fu-gang, YANG Shao-zhou, GUAN Hui-lin. Effects of Applying Biochar on the Rhizosphere Fungal Community and Survival Rate of Panax notoginseng Under Continuous Cropping[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2023, 39(7): 219-227.

图/表 9

表1 施用生物炭对三七连作土壤理化性质的影响

Table 1 Effects of biochar application on the soil physicochemical properties under continuous cropping of P. notoginseng

土壤因子	T0	T1	T2
pH	6.44±0.02^b	6.75±0.06^a	6.86±0.03^a
EC/（μS·cm^-1）	123.00±15.90^a	144.25±14.34^a	120.50±16.06^a
NH₄⁺-N/（mg·kg^-1）	6.73±0.39^a	5.84±0.28^ab	5.30±0.21^b
NO₃^--N/（mg·kg^-1）	11.31±0.93^b	15.93±0.33^a	12.85±0.43^ab
AP/（mg·kg^-1）	25.31±7.54^a	31.88±1.81^a	23.30±1.61^a
AK/（mg·kg^-1）	177.37±12.07^b	261.44±13^a	250.56±10.7^a
OM/（g·kg^-1）	12.98±1.06^ab	13.91±0.39^ab	11.80±0.44^b

图1 不同生物炭施加量处理下三七根际土壤真菌OTU丰富度 A：共有和特有的OTU数量；B：经稀疏标准化的OTU丰富度。不同字母标记表示具有显著差异，下同

Fig. 1 Fungal OTU richness in the rhizosphere soil of P. notoginseng under the treatments with different biochar application amounts A: The numbers of shared and unique OTUs; B: rarefied OTU richness. Different letters marked indicate significant difference, the same below

图2 不同生物炭施加量处理下三七根际土壤真菌α多样性指数及其与土壤pH的关联性

Fig. 2 α-diversity index of soil fungi in the rhizosphere of P. notoginseng and its correlation with soil pH under the treatments with different biochar application amounts

图3 不同生物炭施加量处理下三七根际土壤真菌门分类水平的相对丰度

Fig. 3 Relative abundance of soil fungi at the phylum level in the rhizosphere of P. notoginseng under the treatments with different biochar application amounts

图4 不同生物炭施加量处理下被孢霉属与镰刀菌属相对丰度及尖孢镰刀菌丰度 A：被孢霉属相对丰度；B：镰刀菌属相对丰度；C：尖孢镰刀菌丰度

Fig. 4 Relative abundances of Mortierella and Fusarium, and the abundances of F. oxysporum under the trea-tments with different biochar application amounts A: Relative abundance of Mortierella. B: Relative abundance of Fusarium. C: F. oxysporum abundance

图5 土壤理化因子与被孢霉属、镰刀菌属相对丰度及尖孢镰刀菌丰度之间的关联性 PC1是基于ACE、Chao 1和PD多样性指数进行主成分分析的第一个主成分，解释了总方差的95.2%，用于反映真菌群落α多样性，下同

Fig. 5 Correlations between soil physicochemical properties and the relative abundances of Mortierella and Fusarium, and the abundances of F. oxysporum PC1 is the first component based on the principal component analysis of the ACE, Chao 1 and PD index, which explained 95.2% of the total variance and used as a measure to show the α diversity of the fungal community, the same below

图6 不同生物炭施加量处理下土壤真菌群落RDA分析结果

Fig. 6 Redundancy analysis of soil fungal community under the treatments with different biochar application amounts

图7 不同生物炭施加量处理下三七存活率

Fig. 7 Survival rates of P. notoginseng under the treatments with different biochar application amounts

图8 土壤理化性质、真菌α多样性、被孢霉属相对丰度、尖孢镰刀菌丰度与三七存活率的关联性

Fig. 8 Correlations between soil physicochemical properties, fungal α diversity, relative abundance of Mortierella, F. oxysporum abundance, and the survival rate of P. notoginseng

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