Research Progress in the Function and Formation Mechanism of Trichomes in Horticultural Plants

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0943

Abstract

Abstract:

Plant trichomes are epidermal appendages that are specially differentiated from epidermal cells and play important roles for plant-environment interactions. Trichomes serve as an ideal model for investigating cell differentiation and function. The trichomes hairs of different horticultural plants show rich diversity in distribution, morphological characteristics, and biological functions, making them a hot topic in horticultural research. This paper reviews the taxonomic characteristics of plant trichomes, their functions in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and the synergistic mechanisms among different trichome types. From a horticultural perspective, it focuses on examining the direct and indirect effects of trichomes on horticultural product quality, while also evaluating their positive and negative impacts in production practices. Meanwhile, this paper sum up the research progress on the mechanisms of trichome formation and development in horticultural plants such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp pekinensis), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), Rosa roxburghii Tratt, Lilium pumilum DC., serving different key transcription factor families (HD-Zip, MYB, C₂H₂, and WD-repeat et al. ) and hormones (JA, auxin, GA, CK, et al.) as the entry point. And this paper discusses cross-family complex regulation of trichomes in horticultural plants. Research has revealed that certain regulatory genes have functional conservation across different plant species, while their upstream and downstream regulatory pathways and network compositions demonstrate species specificity. This indicates the genetic basis underlying the diversity of trichomes in horticultural plants. Currently, despite extensive studies in model crops such as tomato and cucumber, the regulatory networks governing trichomes in most horticultural crops remain poorly characterized. In particular, there is a lack of comprehensive developmental pathways spanning from epidermal cell fate determination to the establishment of final morphologies. In addition, the integration of environmental factors and hormonal signals in regulating trichome development remains unclear. Additional areas requiring further investigation include: the synergistic regulatory mechanisms linking glandular trichome secondary metabolite synthesis pathways with trichome development; the spatiotemporal distribution patterns and cooperative modes among different trichome types; and the effects of trichome trait development on plant growth and reproductive characteristics.

Key words: trichome, horticultural plants, transcription factors, hormone signaling, molecular mechanisms, regulatory networks, plant defense, horticultural applications

WANG He-yao, SUN Hong-mei. Research Progress in the Function and Formation Mechanism of Trichomes in Horticultural Plants[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(3): 242-254.

Figures/Tables 4

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of specialized trichome types in horticultural plantsA: Hooked trichomes (Rosa chinensis Jacq.). B: Stellate trichomes (Vitis). C: Peltate trichomes (Canarium album, Elaeagnus pungens)

Fig. 2 Schematic representation of the function of trichomes in horticultural plantsGT: Glandular trichomes, have the ability to secrete. NGT: Non-glandular trichomes, lack the ability to secrete. Plants with trichomes on the left side of the image can use these hairs to defend against environmental stresses such as intense light/UV damage, air pollutant intrusion, low temperatures, and drought. They also repel pests through the cooperative action of glandular trichomes (GT) and non-glandular trichomes (NGT)—when NGT detects contact with cotton bollworms, they send calcium wave signals to GT, stimulating GT to produce insect-repelling substances like jasmonic acid. Plants on the right side of the image, lacking epidermal trichomes, have reduced resilience against both biotic stresses (pests, diseases, animal browsing) and abiotic stresses

Table 1 Summary and comparison of trichome regulatory factors in horticultural plants

植物 Plant	调控因子 Regulatory factor	类型/转录因子家族 Type/Transcription factor family	表皮毛调控功能 Trichome regulatory function	与番茄、黄瓜相关基因联系/特性 Relationships with genes related to tomato and cucumber/Characteristics
大白菜 Brassica rapa L. ssp pekinensis	BrGL1/Brtri1	R2R3-MYB	正调控发育	番茄、黄瓜MYB正调控功能保守
	BrGL2	HD-Zip IV	正调控伸长	与番茄Wo、黄瓜CsGL3同家族
	BrTTG1	WD-repeat	正调控发育	黄瓜CsTTG1同源基因
	BrTRI1	MYB	负调控起始	候选基因与AtGL1同源
辣椒 Capsicum annuum L.	Hairiness	C₂H₂	正调控形成	与番茄H、黄瓜Tu功能相似
	CaCycB2/3	细胞周期蛋白家族	正调控细胞分裂	番茄SlCycB2/3功能保守
	Ptl1	基因座	正调控形成	显性等位基因控制
	CaSD1	细胞壁蛋白家族	正调控密度	延迟衰老，使表皮细胞增大
	Ptel1	基因座	调控密度	与器官特异性数量性状基因座互作
刺梨 Rosa roxburghii Tratt	RroGL1	MYB	正调控发育	与GL3/EGL3（bHLH）互作
玫瑰 Rosa rugosa Thunb.	RrTTG1	WD-repeat	正调控形成	黄瓜CsTTG1同源
玫瑰 Rosa rugosa Thunb.	RrCPC	R3-MYB	负调控发育
山丹 Lilium pumilum DC.	LpGL3	bHLH	正调控形成	bHLH功能保守
	LpNAC48	NAC	正调控形成
	LpBBX28	BBX	正调控形成
	LpbZIP29	bZIP	正调控形成	与ABA响应元件结合，启动调控通路
葡萄属 Vitis	WER	MYB	负调控发育	拟南芥同源基因正调控GL2
葡萄属 Vitis	LH2	基因位点	正调控密度	主要控制叶片背面匍匐毛密度
桃 Prunus persica L.	PpMYB25	R2R3-MYB	正调控发育	协同调控桃果实表皮毛和角质层蜡质积累
桃 Prunus persica L.	PpMYB26	R2R3-MYB	正调控发育	协同调控桃果实表皮毛和角质层蜡质积累
菊属 Chrysanthemum	CmMYC2	bHLH	调控发育	自我反馈调节，同步调控发育与代谢
菊属 Chrysanthemum	CmMYBML1	R2R3-MYB	调控发育	自我反馈调节，同步调控发育与代谢

Fig. 3 Cross-family complex regulatory network of trichome in horticultural plantsCapital letters indicate different horticultural plants. A: Tomato; B: cucumber; C: Chinese cabbage; D: pepper; E: Rosa roxburghii Tratt; F: Lilium pumilum DC. The background color of regulatory factors indicates different transcription factor families/types. Red: HD-Zip family. Blue: R2R3-MYB family. Purple: C2H2 family. Cyan: bHLH family. Green: WD40 family. Gray: Other influencing factors. Yellow: Hormones. The shape of the border indicates the direction of regulation. Square border: Positive regulatory factor. Circular border: Negative regulatory factor. Dotted border: Potential regulatory factor

References 98

[1]	Han GL, Li YX, Yang ZR, et al. Molecular mechanisms of plant trichome development [J]. Front Plant Sci, 2022, 13: 910228.
[2]	Chalvin C, Drevensek S, Dron M, et al. Genetic control of glandular trichome development [J]. Trends Plant Sci, 2020, 25(5): 477-487.
[3]	Xue SD, Dong MM, Liu XW, et al. Classification of fruit trichomes in cucumber and effects of plant hormones on type II fruit trichome development [J]. Planta, 2019, 249(2): 407-416.
[4]	Liu JQ, Wang HR, Liu MM, et al. Hairiness gene regulated multicellular, non-glandular trichome formation in pepper species [J]. Front Plant Sci, 2021, 12: 784755.
[5]	Zhang TJ, Chow WS, Liu XT, et al. A magic red coat on the surface of young leaves: anthocyanins distributed in trichome layer protect Castanopsis fissa leaves from photoinhibition [J]. Tree Physiol, 2016, 36(10): 1296-1306.
[6]	Ma ZY, Wen J, Ickert-Bond SM, et al. Morphology, structure, and ontogeny of trichomes of the grape genus (Vitis, Vitaceae) [J]. Front Plant Sci, 2016, 7: 704.
[7]	Wang DJ, Zeng JW, Ma WT, et al. Morphological and structural characters of trichomes on various organs of Rosa roxburghii [J]. HortScience, 2019, 54(1): 45-51.
[8]	Feng ZX, Sun L, Dong MM, et al. Novel players in organogenesis and flavonoid biosynthesis in cucumber glandular trichomes [J]. Plant Physiol, 2023, 192(4): 2723-2736.
[9]	Hao N, Kamiya T, Wu T. Morphology of glandular trichome and lignin-based structure for its function [J]. Fundam Res, 2025. .
[10]	Karabourniotis G, Liakopoulos G, Nikolopoulos D, et al. Protective and defensive roles of non-glandular trichomes against multiple stresses: structure-function coordination [J]. J For Res, 2020, 31(1): 1-12.
[11]	Sun C, Wei JB, Gu XY, et al. Different multicellular trichome types coordinate herbivore mechanosensing and defense in tomato [J]. Plant Cell, 2024, 36(12): 4952-4969.
[12]	Blaschek L. Well prepared: How trichome polymorphism creates an early-warning system against herbivory [J]. Plant Cell, 2024, 36(12): 4815-4816.
[13]	Domanda C, Nuzzo V, Montanaro G, et al. Trichomes affect grapevine leaf optical properties and thermoregulation [J]. Theor Exp Plant Physiol, 2023, 35(3): 299-308.
[14]	郭学民, 王贵禧, 高荣孚, 等. 果实表皮毛的扫描电镜观察及其对果实表面荧光特性的影响 [J]. 内蒙古农业大学学报: 自然科学版, 2006, 27(2): 43-47.
	Guo XM, Wang GX, Gao RF, et al. Observation on fruit trichome by sem and its effect on fluorescence characteristics of fruit epidermis [J]. J Inn Mong Agric Univ Nat Sci Ed, 2006, 27(2): 43-47.
[15]	Xin Y, Pan WQ, Zhao YJ, et al. The NAC transcription factor LpNAC48 promotes trichome formation in Lilium pumilum [J]. Plant Physiol, 2024, 197(1): kiaf001.
[16]	高培培, 郭佳, 孙洪欣, 等. 大白菜叶片表皮毛特征及重金属镉砷的累积特性 [J]. 河北农业大学学报, 2022, 45(1): 39-47.
	Gao PP, Guo J, Sun HX, et al. Characteristics of trichome and the accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in leaves of Chinese cabbage [J]. J Hebei Agric Univ, 2022, 45(1): 39-47.
[17]	Williams WG, Kennedy GG, Yamamoto RT, et al. 2-tridecanone: a naturally occurring insecticide from the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum [J]. Science, 1980, 207(4433): 888-889.
[18]	Corti C, Meroi Arcerito FR, Fernandez de Landa G, et al. Tomato production under greenhouse conditions: Bumblebees or hormones [J]. Sci Hortic, 2024, 326: 112747.
[19]	Li JJ, Wang HX, Zhou DD, et al. Genetic and transcriptome analysis of leaf trichome development in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis) and molecular marker development [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(21): 12721.
[20]	Zhang YN, Wang D, Li H, et al. Formation mechanism of glandular trichomes involved in the synthesis and storage of terpenoids in lavender [J]. BMC Plant Biol, 2023, 23(1): 307.
[21]	Jia WQ, Wang YL, Qi Q, et al. Leaf epidermal morphology of ten wild tree peonies in China and its taxonomic significance [J]. Horticulturae, 2022, 8(6): 502.
[22]	吴恙, 崔兴勇, 苑福林, 等. 中国杨属叶表皮毛状体微形态特征 [J]. 植物研究, 2024, 44(3): 341-348.
	Wu Y, Cui XY, Yuan FL, et al. Micromorphological characterization of leaf epidermal trichomes of Populus in China [J]. Bull Bot Res, 2024, 44(3): 341-348.
[23]	Xie QM, Gao YN, Li J, et al. The HD-Zip IV transcription factor SlHDZIV8 controls multicellular trichome morphology by regulating the expression of Hairless-2 [J]. J Exp Bot, 2020, 71(22): 7132-7145.
[24]	Xie QM, Xiong C, Yang QH, et al. A novel regulatory complex mediated by Lanata (Ln) controls multicellular trichome formation in tomato [J]. New Phytol, 2022, 236(6): 2294-2310.
[25]	Li M, Fu Y, Liang XY, et al. SlHDZIV3 and SlHDZIV9 are two positive regulators in the formation of tomato trichomes [J]. Plant Cell Environ, 2025, 48(8): 5789-5801.
[26]	Gao YN, Ruan JJ, Wang GX, et al. SlHDZIV8-SlnsLTP33 module controls trichome density and lipid metabolism in tomato [J]. Plant J, 2025, 123(3): e70398.
[27]	Wu ML, Bian XX, Huang BB, et al. HD-Zip proteins modify floral structures for self-pollination in tomato [J]. Science, 2024, 384(6691): 124-130.
[28]	Zhang LY, Lv D, Pan J, et al. A SNP of HD-ZIP I transcription factor leads to distortion of trichome morphology in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) [J]. BMC Plant Biol, 2021, 21(1): 182.
[29]	Li Q, Cao CX, Zhang CJ, et al. The identification of Cucumis sativus Glabrous 1 (CsGL1) required for the formation of trichomes uncovers a novel function for the homeodomain-leucine zipper I gene [J]. J Exp Bot, 2015, 66(9): 2515-2526.
[30]	Pan YP, Bo KL, Cheng ZH, et al. The loss-of-function GLABROUS 3 mutation in cucumber is due to LTR-retrotransposon insertion in a class IV HD-ZIP transcription factor gene CsGL3 that is epistatic over CsGL1 [J]. BMC Plant Biol, 2015, 15: 302.
[31]	Du H, Wang G, Pan J, et al. The HD-ZIP IV transcription factor Tril regulates fruit spine density through gene dosage effects in cucumber [J]. J Exp Bot, 2020, 71(20): 6297-6310.
[32]	Zhang YQ, Shen JJ, Bartholomew ES, et al. TINY BRANCHED HAIR functions in multicellular trichome development through an ethylene pathway in Cucumis sativus L [J]. Plant J, 2021, 106(3): 753-765.
[33]	Wang ZY, Wang LM, Han LJ, et al. HECATE2 acts with GLABROUS3 and Tu to boost cytokinin biosynthesis and regulate cucumber fruit wart formation [J]. Plant Physiol, 2021, 187(3): 1619-1635.
[34]	Yang S, Wen CL, Liu B, et al. A CsTu-TS1 regulatory module promotes fruit tubercule formation in cucumber [J]. Plant Biotechnol J, 2019, 17(1): 289-301.
[35]	Wang YL, Nie JT, Chen HM, et al. Identification and mapping of Tril, a homeodomain-leucine zipper gene involved in multicellular trichome initiation in Cucumis sativus [J]. Theor Appl Genet, 2016, 129(2): 305-316.
[36]	Zhao JL, Pan JS, Guan Y, et al. Micro-trichome as a class I homeodomain-leucine zipper gene regulates multicellular trichome development in Cucumis sativus [J]. J Integr Plant Biol, 2015, 57(11): 925-935.
[37]	Yang SL, Xue SD, Shan L, et al. The CsTM alters multicellular trichome morphology and enhances resistance against aphid by interacting with CsTIP1;1 in cucumber [J]. J Adv Res, 2025, 69: 17-30.
[38]	Lv D, Wang G, Zhang Q, et al. Comparative transcriptome analysis of hard and tender fruit spines of cucumber to identify genes involved in the morphological development of fruit spines [J]. Front Plant Sci, 2022, 13: 797433.
[39]	Lv D, Wen HF, Wang G, et al. CsTs, a C-type lectin receptor-like kinase, regulates the development trichome development and cuticle metabolism in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) [J]. Hortic Res, 2024, 11(10): uhae235.
[40]	Dong MM, Sun L, Wang WJ, et al. B3 superfamily in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): identification, evolution, expression patterns, and function in glandular trichome development [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2025, 26(9): 4031.
[41]	Li BY, Ding XY, Yue ZC, et al. A rare stop-gain SNP mutation in BrGL2 causes aborted trichome development in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) [J]. Theor Appl Genet, 2025, 138(6): 112.
[42]	Gong ZH, Luo YQ, Zhang WF, et al. A SlMYB75-centred transcriptional cascade regulates trichome formation and sesquiterpene accumulation in tomato [J]. J Exp Bot, 2021, 72(10): 3806-3820.
[43]	Yuan YJ, Xu X, Luo YQ, et al. R2R3 MYB-dependent auxin signalling regulates trichome formation, and increased trichome density confers spider mite tolerance on tomato [J]. Plant Biotechnol J, 2021, 19(1): 138-152.
[44]	Qi TC, Wu MB, Wang SJ, et al. SlMYB72 and SlMYB75 antagonistically regulate trichome formation via the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex in tomato [J]. J Biol Chem, 2025, 301(3): 108313.
[45]	Ying SY, Su M, Wu Y, et al. Trichome regulator SlMIXTA-like directly manipulates primary metabolism in tomato fruit [J]. Plant Biotechnol J, 2020, 18(2): 354-363.
[46]	Ewas M, Gao YQ, Wang SC, et al. Manipulation of SlMXl for enhanced carotenoids accumulation and drought resistance in tomato [J]. Sci Bull, 2016, 61(18): 1413-1418.
[47]	Yang S, Cai YL, Liu XW, et al. A CsMYB6-CsTRY module regulates fruit trichome initiation in cucumber [J]. J Exp Bot, 2018, 69(8): 1887-1902.
[48]	Zhang LY, Pan J, Wang G, et al. Cucumber CsTRY negatively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and trichome formation when expressed in tobacco [J]. Front Plant Sci, 2019, 10: 1232.
[49]	Xin Y, Pan WQ, Chen X, et al. Transcriptome profiling reveals key genes in regulation of the tepal trichome development in Lilium pumilum D.C [J]. Plant Cell Rep, 2021, 40(10): 1889-1906.
[50]	Ye XL, Hu FY, Ren J, et al. Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of Brtri1, a gene controlling trichome development in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp pekinensis) [J]. Genet Mol Res, 2016, 15(4): gmr15048924.
[51]	Wei XC, Dong XB, Wang R, et al. Identification of a unique allele BrTRI1 regulating the trichomeless trait of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) [J]. Sci Hortic, 2024, 334: 113322.
[52]	Huang XL, Yan HQ, Zhai LS, et al. GLABROUS1 from Rosa roxburghii Tratt regulates trichome formation by interacting with the GL3/EGL3 protein [J]. Gene, 2019, 692: 60-67.
[53]	Chen QJ, Wang JY, Danzeng P, et al. VvMYB114 mediated by miR828 negatively regulates trichome development of Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Sci, 2021, 309: 110936.
[54]	马文涛, 鲁敏, 王道静, 等. 无籽刺梨果实表皮毛形态结构及发育过程中相关基因的表达 [J]. 植物生理学报, 2021, 57(2): 362-372.
	Ma WT, Lu M, Wang DJ, et al. Morphological structure of trichomes on Rosa sterilis fruit and expression of associated genes during development [J]. Plant Physiol J, 2021, 57(2): 362-372.
[55]	Wang JW, Chu YD, Yuan XY, et al. A CAPRICE gene of Rosa rugosa (RrCPC) suppresses the trichome formation of Arabidopsis [J]. Ind Crops Prod, 2023, 194: 116340.
[56]	Yin L, Karn A, Cadle-Davidson L, et al. Fine mapping of leaf trichome density revealed a 747-kb region on chromosome 1 in cold-hardy hybrid wine grape populations [J]. Front Plant Sci, 2021, 12: 587640.
[57]	Yang QR, Yang XP, Wang L, et al. Two R2R3-MYB genes cooperatively control trichome development and cuticular wax biosynthesis in Prunus persica [J]. New Phytol, 2022, 234(1): 179-196.
[58]	Guan YQ, Jiang L, Wang Y, et al. CmMYC2-CmMYBML1 module orchestrates the resistance to herbivory by synchronously regulating the trichome development and constitutive terpene biosynthesis in Chrysanthemum [J]. New Phytol, 2024, 244(3): 914-933.
[59]	Chang J, Yu T, Yang QH, et al. Hair, encoding a single C₂H₂ zinc-finger protein, regulates multicellular trichome formation in tomato [J]. Plant J, 2018, 96(1): 90-102.
[60]	Yang XQ, Zhang WW, He HL, et al. Tuberculate fruit gene Tu encodes a C₂H₂ zinc finger protein that is required for the warty fruit phenotype in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) [J]. Plant J, 2014, 78(6): 1034-1046.
[61]	任华中, 陈春花, 杨森, 等. 黄瓜CsTTG 1基因在调控植物表皮毛、果刺及刺瘤发育中的应用: CN106609267A [P]. 2017-05-03.
	Ren HZ, Chen CH, Yang S, et al. Application of cucumber CsTTG gene to regulating of development of plant epidermal hair, fruit thorns and thorn galls: CN106609267A [P]. 2017-05-03.
[62]	Guo YL, Zhao HJ, Wang YK, et al. TARGET OF EAT3 (TOE3) specifically regulates fruit spine initiation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) [J]. Plant J, 2023, 115(3): 678-689.
[63]	Zhang JF, Lu Y, Yuan YX, et al. Map-based cloning and characterization of a gene controlling hairiness and seed coat color traits in Brassica rapa [J]. Plant Mol Biol, 2009, 69(5): 553-563.
[64]	Feng LG, Luan XF, Wang J, et al. Cloning and expression analysis of transcription factor RrTTG1 related to prickle development in rose (Rosa rugosa) [J]. Arch Biol Sci (Beogr), 2015, 67(4): 1219-1225.
[65]	曾靖雯, 马文涛, 鲁敏, 等. 刺梨（Rosa roxbunghii）WD40类转录因子RroTTG1基因的克隆与生物信息学分析 [J]. 分子植物育种, 2019, 17(22): 7331-7337.
	Zeng JW, Ma WT, Lu M, et al. Cloning and bioinformatics analysis of WD40 transcription factor RroTTG1 in Rosa roxburghii tratt [J]. Mol Plant Breed, 2019, 17(22): 7331-7337.
[66]	Taheri A, Jayasankar S, Cline JA, et al. A WD-repeat gene from peach (Prunus persica L.) is a functional ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 [J]. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant, 2012, 48(1): 23-29.
[67]	Fonseca R, Capel C, Yuste-Lisbona FJ, et al. Functional characterization of the tomato HAIRPLUS gene reveals the implication of the epigenome in the control of glandular trichome formation [J]. Hortic Res, 2022, 9: uhab015.
[68]	Zhou YL, Xu MY, Zhou Y, et al. CsNWD encoding VPS62 emerges as a candidate gene conferring the glabrous phenotype in cucumber [J]. Agronomy, 2024, 14(9): 2019.
[69]	Zhao LJ, Fan PF, Wang YL, et al. ELONGATED HYPOTCOTYL5 and SPINE BASE SIZE1 together mediate light-regulated spine expansion in cucumber [J]. Plant Physiol, 2024, 195(1): 552-565.
[70]	Feng ZX, Sun L, Dong MM, et al. Identification and functional characterization of CsMYCs in cucumber glandular trichome development [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(7): 6435.
[71]	Kim HJ, Han JH, Kwon JK, et al. Fine mapping of pepper trichome locus 1 controlling trichome formation in Capsicum annuum L. CM334 [J]. Theor Appl Genet, 2010, 120(6): 1099-1106.
[72]	Seo E, Yeom SI, Jo S, et al. Ectopic expression of Capsicum-specific cell wall protein Capsicum annuum senescence-delaying 1 (CaSD1) delays senescence and induces trichome formation in Nicotiana benthamiana [J]. Mol Cells, 2012, 33(4): 415-422.
[73]	Kim HJ, Han JH, Kim S, et al. Trichome density of main stem is tightly linked to PepMoV resistance in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) [J]. Theor Appl Genet, 2011, 122(6): 1051-1058.
[74]	Shen YY, Mao LZ, Zhou Y, et al. Transcriptome analysis reveals key genes involved in trichome formation in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) [J]. Plants, 2024, 13(8): 1090.
[75]	Yang BH, Liu JQ, Gu QQ, et al. Identification of the LH2 locus for prostrate hair density in grapevine [J]. Horticulturae, 2024, 10(12): 1309.
[76]	Sultana S, Hu H, Gao LP, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of the trichome specific chrysanthemyl diphosphate/chrysanthemol synthase promoter from Tanacetum cinerariifolium [J]. Sci Hortic, 2015, 185: 193-199.
[77]	Lu ZH, Pan L, Wei B, et al. Fine mapping of the gene controlling the fruit skin hairiness of Prunus persica and its uses for MAS in progenies [J]. Plants, 2021, 10(7): 1433.
[78]	Mas-Gómez J, Cantín CM, Moreno MÁ, et al. Genetic diversity and genome-wide association study of morphological and quality traits in peach using two Spanish peach germplasm collections [J]. Front Plant Sci, 2022, 13: 854770.
[79]	Liu YH, Xu M, Guo J, et al. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides insights into fruit trichome development in peach [J]. Agriculture, 2024, 14(3): 427.
[80]	Huang CC, Chen HW, Hsieh JA, et al. Transcriptomic analysis of peaches and nectarines reveals alternative mechanism for trichome formation [J]. BMC Plant Biol, 2025, 25(1): 620.
[81]	Gao SH, Gao YN, Xiong C, et al. The tomato B-type cyclin gene, SlCycB2, plays key roles in reproductive organ development, trichome initiation, terpenoids biosynthesis and Prodenia litura defense [J]. Plant Sci, 2017, 262: 103-114.
[82]	Gao SH, Li N, Niran J, et al. Transcriptome profiling of Capsicum annuum using Illumina- and PacBio SMRT-based RNA-Seq for in-depth understanding of genes involved in trichome formation [J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 10164.
[83]	Hua B, Chang J, Han XQ, et al. H and HL synergistically regulate jasmonate-triggered trichome formation in tomato [J]. Hortic Res, 2022, 9: uhab080.
[84]	Hua B, Chang J, Wu ML, et al. Mediation of JA signalling in glandular trichomes by the woolly/SlMYC1 regulatory module improves pest resistance in tomato [J]. Plant Biotechnol J, 2021, 19(2): 375-393.
[85]	Xu JS, van Herwijnen ZO, Dräger DB, et al. SlMYC1 regulates type VI glandular trichome formation and terpene biosynthesis in tomato glandular cells [J]. Plant Cell, 2018, 30(12): 2988-3005.
[86]	Boughton AJ, Hoover K, Felton GW. Methyl jasmonate application induces increased densities of glandular trichomes on tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum . [J]. J Chem Ecol, 2005, 31(9): 2211-2216.
[87]	Yang SL, Feng ZX, Fan SS, et al. CsLOX facilitates glandular trichome development and increases jasmonate in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) [J]. Plant Physiol Biochem, 2025, 229: 110397.
[88]	Zeng T, Li JW, Xu ZZ, et al. TcMYC2 regulates Pyrethrin biosynthesis in Tanacetum cinerariifolium [J]. Hortic Res, 2022, 9: uhac178.
[89]	Yu XH, Chen GP, Tang BY, et al. The Jasmonate ZIM-domain protein gene SlJAZ2 regulates plant morphology and accelerates flower initiation in Solanum lycopersicum plants [J]. Plant Sci, 2018, 267: 65-73.
[90]	Huang H, Qiao H, Ma XC, et al. Roles of jasmonates in tomato growth, development and defense [J]. Veg Res, 2023, 3(1): 14.
[91]	Zhang XL, Yan F, Tang YW, et al. Auxin response gene SlARF3 plays multiple roles in tomato development and is involved in the formation of epidermal cells and trichomes [J]. Plant Cell Physiol, 2015, 56(11): 2110-2124.
[92]	Javed K, Humayun T, Humayun A, et al. PeaT1 and PeBC1 microbial protein elicitors enhanced resistance against Myzus persicae Sulzer in chili Capsicum annum L [J]. Microorganisms, 2021, 9(11): 2197.
[93]	Xie Q, Liu PN, Shi LX, et al. Combined fine mapping, genetic diversity, and transcriptome profiling reveals that the auxin transporter gene ns plays an important role in cucumber fruit spine development [J]. Theor Appl Genet, 2018, 131(6): 1239-1252.
[94]	Zhu YT, Yang J, Liu XL, et al. Transcriptome analysis reveals coexpression networks and hub genes involved in papillae development in Lilium auratum [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2024, 25(4): 2436.
[95]	Sun PX, Huang C, Zhang LP, et al. Insight into the effect of low temperature treatment on trichome density and related differentially expressed genes in Chinese cabbage [J]. PLoS One, 2022, 17(9): e0274530.
[96]	Wu ML, Chang J, Han XQ, et al. A HD-ZIP transcription factor specifies fates of multicellular trichomes via dosage-dependent mechanisms in tomato [J]. Dev Cell, 2023, 58(4): 278-288.e5.
[97]	Zhang WW, He HL, Guan Y, et al. Identification and mapping of molecular markers linked to the tuberculate fruit gene in the cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) [J]. Theor Appl Genet, 2010, 120(3): 645-654.
[98]	Shen YM, Li XN, Xiong R, et al. Effect of peach trichome removal on post-harvest brown rot and on the fruit surface microbiome [J]. Int J Food Microbiol, 2023, 402: 110299.