植物多倍体抗性及其机制研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2026-0294

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

多倍体是指具有两套以上完整染色体组的生物个体。相较于二倍体，植物多倍体通常表现出代谢旺盛、生长势强、营养器官与繁殖器官（花、果、种子等）巨大等优势，且在面对环境胁迫时往往具有更强的抗逆性与适应能力，但其抗性表现具有复杂性，亦存在抗性减弱的现象。本文系统梳理了植物多倍体与二倍体在非生物胁迫（如干旱、高盐、极端温度、重金属）及生物胁迫（如病原菌侵染、虫害）下响应差异的基础上，从细胞结构适应性变化、生理代谢调控、基因表达调控、表观遗传修饰以及染色质高级结构重塑等多个层面，深入探讨多倍体抗性增强或减弱的生理与分子机制。抗性增强源于细胞结构优化、渗透调节与抗氧化等能力的提升，胁迫相关基因表达网络的高效激活，以及DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰等表观遗传调控与染色质高级结构（如A/B区室转换、拓扑结构域重组）的重塑，共同实现对抗性相关基因表达的精细调控。抗性减弱则与细胞体积增大所导致的生理调控效率降低、关键防御通路的紊乱及表观遗传调控系统的不稳定等因素有关。这种抗性表现的不确定性与物种特异性、环境依赖性密切相关，反映出不同倍性水平下生长与防御之间资源分配的动态权衡，存在兼顾适应优势与生存成本的最佳倍性阈值。未来研究需结合单细胞测序与空间转录组技术，解析多倍体在时空维度上的抗逆响应图谱，为深入理解多倍体植物对环境变化的适应策略提供系统的理论依据与研究参考。

关键词: 多倍体, 抗性, 生理响应, 基因表达调控, 表观遗传修饰

Abstract:

Polyploidy refers to the condition of an individual organism having more than two complete sets of chromosomes. Compared to diploids, polyploid plants generally exhibit advantages such as vigorous metabolism, strong growth potential, and enlarged vegetative and reproductive organs (flowers, fruits, seeds, etc.). They also often show greater resistance and adaptability in the face of environmental stresses. However, their resistance traits are complex, and cases of reduced resistance also exist. This paper systematically reviews the differences in responses between polyploid and diploid plants under abiotic stresses (such as drought, high salinity, extreme temperatures, and heavy metals) and biotic stresses (such as pathogen infection and insect pests). It further explores the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the enhancement or reduction of resistance in polyploids at multiple levels, including adaptive changes in cellular structures, regulation of physiological metabolism, gene expression control, epigenetic modifications, and chromatin higher-order structure remodeling. Resistance enhancement arises from optimized cellular structures, increased osmotic regulation and antioxidant capacity, efficient activation of stress-related gene expression networks, as well as epigenetic regulation (such as DNA methylation, histone modification) and remodeling of chromatin higher-order structures (such as A/B compartment switching, topologically associating domain reorganization), which collectively enable precise regulation of resistance-related gene expression. In contrast, resistance reduction is associated with factors such as decreased efficiency of physiological regulation due to enlarged cell size, disruption of key defense pathways, and instability in epigenetic regulatory systems. This uncertainty in resistance manifestation is closely related to species specificity and environmental dependence, reflecting the dynamic trade-off in resource allocation between growth and defense at different ploidy levels, and indicating the existence of an optimal ploidy threshold that balances adaptive advantages with survival costs. Future research should integrate single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to map the stress response profiles of polyploids across spatial and temporal dimensions, providing a systematic theoretical basis and research reference for a deeper understanding of polyploid plant adaptation strategies to environmental changes.

Key words: polyploidy, resistance, physiological response, gene expression regulation, epigenetic modification

巩慧玲, 曹爱青, 曾子贤. 植物多倍体抗性及其机制研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, doi: 10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2026-0294.

GONG Hui-ling, CAO Ai-qing, ZENG Zi-xian. Research Progress on Plant Polyploid Resistance and Its Mechanisms[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, doi: 10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2026-0294.

图/表 5

表1 不同倍性植物非生物胁迫抗性比较

Table 1 Comparison of abiotic stress resistance in plants with different ploidy levels

胁迫类型 Stress conditions	材料种类 Type of materials	抗性差异 Phenomenon	参考文献 References
干旱胁迫Drought resistance	海大麦 Hordeum marinum	4X>2X	［8］
	枇杷 Eriobotrya japonica	4X>2X	［9］
	桑树 Morus alba	4X>3X>2X	［10］
	颤杨 Populus tremuloides	3X<2X	［11］
	花生 Arachis duranensis	4X<2X	［12］
	花生 Arachis ipaënsis	4X<2X	［12］
	花生 Arachis hypogaea	4X<2X	［12］
	蔓菁 Brassica rapa	4X<2X	［76］
	甘蓝 Brassica oleracea	4X<2X	［76］
	甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus	4X<2X	［76］
高盐胁迫High salt resistance	苹果 Malus domestica	4X>2X	［14］
	西瓜 Citrullus lanatus	4X>2X	［15］
	金银花 Lonicera japonica	4X>2X	［16］
	柑橘 Citrus reticulata	4X>2X	［17-18］
低温胁迫 Low temperature resistance	野生草莓 Fragaria nilgerrensis	4X>2X	［20］
	毛茛 Ranunculus kuepferi	4X>2X	［21］
	美味猕猴桃 Actinidia deliciosa	4X>2X	［22］
	中华猕猴桃 Actinidia chinensis	4X>2X	［22］
	青钱柳 Cyclocarya paliurus	4X<2X	［23］
	杜鹃花 Rhododendron simsii	4X<2X	［24］
	西瓜 Citrithus lanatus	4X<2X	［25］
	三色堇 Viola tricolor	8X>14X>12X>16X	［85］
高温胁迫 High temperature resistance	芦笋 Asparagus officinalis	4X>2X	［28］
	加拿大一枝黄花 Solidago canadensis	4X>2X	［29］
	药用川芎 Ligusticum chuanxiong	4X>2X	［30］
重金属胁迫 Heavy metal resistance	青葙 Celosia argentea	4X>2X	［32］
	大青杨 Populus ussuriensis	3X>2X	［33］
	水稻 Oryza sativa	4X>2X	［34］

表2 不同倍性植物生物胁迫抗性比较

Table 2 Comparison of biotic stress resistance in plants with different ploidies

胁迫类型 Stress conditions	材料种类 Type of materials	抗性差异 Phenomenon	参考文献 References
刺线虫 Belonolaimus longicaudatus	侧钝叶草 Stenotaphrum secundatum	6X>4X>2X	［36］
苹果黑星病 Venturia inaequalis	苹果 Malusdomestica	4X>2X	［37］
青枯雷尔氏菌 Ralstonia solanacearum	野生型花生 Arachis stenosperma等	6X>3X>4X>2X	［38］
青枯雷尔氏菌 Ralstonia solanacearum	栽培型花生 Arachis hypogaea	6X>3X>4X>2X	［38］

图1 植物多倍体对非生物胁迫与生物胁迫抗性增强的生理机制ETR：电子传递速率；Rubisco：核酮糖-1，5-二磷酸羧化酶；SOD：超氧化物歧化酶；POD：过氧化物酶；CAT：过氧化氢酶；MDA：丙二醛；EL：电解质渗漏率；REC：相对电导率；PC：磷脂酰胆碱；PE：磷脂酰乙醇胺；PG：磷脂酰甘油；UI：不饱和指数

Fig. 1 Physiological mechanisms of increased resistance of plant polyploids to abiotic and biotic stressesETR: Electron transport rate; Rubisco: ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; POD: peroxidase; CAT: catalase; MDA: malondialdehyde; EL: electrolyte leakage rate; REC: relative conductivity; PC: phosphatidylcholine; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PG: phosphatidylglycerol; UI: unsaturation index

图2 植物多倍体对非生物胁迫与生物胁迫抗性增强的分子机制实线表示激活或调控作用，虚线表示抑制作用，粗箭头表示水平上升，双向粗箭头表示互作。MAPK：丝裂原活化蛋白激酶；CNGC：环核苷酸门控通道；CML：类钙调素；CDPK：钙依赖蛋白激酶；CIPKs：钙调磷酸酶B样蛋白互作激酶；CBFs：C-重复结合因子；CORs：冷诱导基因；L-Phenylalanine：L-苯丙氨酸；PAL：苯丙氨酸解氨酶；4CL：CoA连接酶；Cinnamoyl-CoA：肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶；Flavonoid biosynthesis：类黄酮生物合成；TFs （Transcription factors）：转录因子；NCED1：9-顺式环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶；PYR/PYL：ABA受体蛋白；SnRK2：蔗糖非发酵相关蛋白激酶；ABA：脱落酸；JA：茉莉酸；FAD：脂肪酸去饱和酶基因；LOX：赖氨酰氧化酶基因；AOC：丙二烯氧化物环化酶基因；JAZ：茉莉酸信号抑制因子；UFAs：不饱和脂肪酸；HSPs：热休克蛋白基因；ROS：活性氧；Rvi6：抗苹果黑星病6号基因；WRKY：WRKY转录因子；CDPK：钙依赖性蛋白激酶；MPK4：丝裂原活化蛋白激酶4；PR1-2：病程相关蛋白基因；AP2：AP2转录因子；EREBP：乙烯响应元件结合蛋白；DREB：脱水响应元件结合蛋白

Fig. 2 Molecular mechanisms of enhanced abiotic and biotic stress resistance in plant polyploidsSolid lines indicate activation or regulation, dashed lines indicate inhibition, thick arrows indicate level increase, and thick bidirectional arrows indicate interaction. MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; CNGC: cyclic nucleotide-gated channel; CML: Calmodulin-like; CDPK: Calcium-dependent protein kinase; CIPKs: CBL-interacting protein kinases; CBFs: C-repeat binding factors; CORs: cold-responsive genes; L-Phenylalanine: L-Phenylalanine; PAL: Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; 4CL: CoA ligase; Cinnamoyl-CoA: Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; NCED1: 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase; PYR/PYL: ABA receptor proteins; SnRK2: sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2; ABA: abscisic acid; JA: jasmonic acid; FAD: fatty acid desaturase genes; LOX: lipoxygenase genes; AOC: allene oxide cyclase genes; JAZ: jasmonate ZIM-domain repressors; UFAs: unsaturated fatty acids; HSPs: heat shock protein genes; ROS: reactive oxygen species; Rvi6: apple scab resistance gene 6; WRKY: WRKY transcription factor; CDPK: Calcium-dependent protein kinase; MPK4: Mitogen-activated protein kinase 4; PR1-2: pathogenesis-related protein genes; AP2: AP2 transcription factor; EREBP: ethylene-responsive element binding protein; DREB: dehydration-responsive element binding protein

图3 植物多倍体对非生物胁迫与生物胁迫抗性减弱的机制红色箭头线表示冷胁迫下响应基因的高表达水平。CML41：钙调蛋白基因；IQD1：钙调结合蛋白基因；Tub1：微管蛋白基因

Fig. 3 Mechanisms of reduced resistance of plant polyploids to abiotic and biotic stressesThe red arrow line indicates the high expression levels of genes responsive to cold stress. CML41: calmodulin-like protein gene; IQD1: calmodulin-binding protein gene; Tub1: Tubulin epsilon 1

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