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    15 September 2015, Volume 31 Issue 9
    Review
    Research Progress on Cofactor-independent Phosphoglycerate Mutase in Plants
    Xie Xin, Liu Na, Wei Fengju
    2015, 31(9):  1-7.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.001
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    Cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutase(iPGAM)is a metalloenzyme discovered in fungi and higher plants, i.e., a key enzyme in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. With the progress on cloning of iPGAM gene, analysis of its protein crystal structure and biological functions in prokaryotes and invertebrates, the function of plant's iPGAM has captured the attentions. This article reviewed the structural characteristics, action mechanism of plant iPGAM proteins while emphatically introducing the phylogenetic relationships and biological functions of iPGAMs in Arabidopsis, rice and corn.
    Application Prospect of Genetic Engmeering and Metabolic Engineering in Improving Its Production of Steviol Glycoside
    Yu Boying, Wang Ninglin, Li Guojing, Xia Yiji
    2015, 31(9):  8-14.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.002
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    Stevia sugar is a unique glycoside produced from stevia(Stevia rebaudiana)of a perennial herb originally growing in South America. Sweet tea tree(Rubus suavissimus), mainly growing in the Guangxi area of China, also produces similar glycoside. In recent years, stevia sugar as a natural high-intensity sweetener has increasingly been used in USA, European countries, Japan, and China. Stevia is extensively cultivated in China. Here we review the current status of stevia production and usage of stevia sugar, as well as progresses on understanding its biosynthetic pathway. Recent advances on identifying the enzymes involved in steviol biosynthesis, isolating relevant genes as well establishing stevia transformation system provide the fundamentals toward improving the production of steviol glycoside and altering the constitute of stevia glycoside through genetic and metabolic engineering, also inspire the novel measures of producing stevia sugar using microorganisms and high biomass crops.
    Research Progress on Mechanisms of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Fertility Restoration in Rapeseed
    Liu Qi’er, Du Kun, Wang Youping
    2015, 31(9):  15-22.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.004
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    Cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)is an ideal material to study nuclear-cytoplasm interactions, meanwhile it is one of the most effective ways to use heterosis. The researches related to rapeseed CMS in recent years focused on the analysis of structure characteristics and origins of the sterility genes, the mechanism of sterility gene and the restoration of fertility. This paper introduced the current international main types of CMS(pol CMS, nap CMS, kos CMS, ogu CMS and tour CMS)in rapeseed, and also reviewed the research progress of molecular level, including the identification of CMS-associated regions, the possible mechanism of CMS and the localization of restorer genes.
    Research Progress on Effects of Endophytes on Plant Drought Resistance
    Cao Kai, Li Yuanting, An Dengdi, Zhang Rui
    2015, 31(9):  23-29.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.003
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    With the development of economy and the increase of population, the demand for water resources continuously increases, thus the varied degrees of arid and semi-arid lands occur in many regions. Soil aridification directly constrains the crop yields. Improving crops’ drought resistance is a pressing issue of agricultural development in China. Endophytes distribute in the healthy plant tissues without external infection symptoms, and co-evolve with the host plant;theirs properties of enhancing the resistance of host plant have captured the attentions from researchers and become a new hotspot. This paper mainly summarizes the effects of endophytes on alleviating drought stress of plants by regulating the osmotic regulation substances, antioxidant capacity and drought-related gene expression of plants.
    Advances on Hyperthermophiles and Mechanism of Their Thermal Adaptation
    Zeng Jing, Guo Jianjun, Qiu Xiaozhong, Wang Xianzhuo, Yuan Lin
    2015, 31(9):  30-37.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.005
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    Hyperthermophiles are able to grow and reproduce at high temperatures, and inevitably they should have special cellular features, genome sequences and physiological properties to adapt to high temperatures. The researches on hyperthermophiles possess significances for exploring the origin of life on Earth, and the developments and applications of hyperthermophiles. The recent advances on the thermal adaptation of cellular components of hyperthermophiles(cell membranes, nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites and cofactors)are summarized, which may provide the theoretical basis for the developments and applications of hyperthermophiles and their cellular components.
    Research Progress on the Property and Application of Streptococcus thermophilus
    Tian Hui, Liang Hongzhang, Huo Guicheng, Evivie Smich Ecareri
    2015, 31(9):  38-48.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.006
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    Streptococcus thermophilus is one of the most important species of lactic acid bacteria in industry, and it is widely used in the process of producing fermented milk. This review discusses researches on the qualification and application of S. thermophilus, the properties of genome and fermentation, phage defense system, and symbiotic mechanism. In the end, the potential application of modern biological technologies in the study of S. thermophilus properties is prospected.
    Research Advances on Increasing the Transduction Efficiency of Recombinant Adeno-associated Viral Vectors
    Yin Zifei, Wang Li’na, Wang Yuan, Ling Chen
    2015, 31(9):  49-59.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.007
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    The recombinant adeno-associated virus(rAAV)vector has emerged as one of the promising and commonly-used vectors in gene therapy research. The first gene therapy drug in clinic approved in Europe is based on rAAV. Due to the relatively limited transduction efficiency, the cost of the rAAV-mediated treatment is expensive. Additionally, high dose of rAAV may trigger host immune response, resulting in the curative effect reduced. Therefore, how to enhance the transduction efficiency of rAAV has been a hot issue in gene therapy. Hitherto there are five common methods to achieve this goal:selecting tissue-specific tropism serotypes and variants, using proteasome inhibitors, mutating capsid surface-exposed amino-acids, increasing second-strand DNA synthesis, and producing self-complementary vectors. In this paper we systemically review the above methods from the aspects of principle, status of application, advantages and disadvantages.
    The Proceeding on Exploiting and Utilization of Feed Microalgae in Mariculture
    Chen Yanmei, Shi Yang, Wang Mingzi, Chen Bilian
    2015, 31(9):  60-65.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.008
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    Feed microalgae are biological feed mostly used in mariculture industry. They are the best alternative baits for the marine larva as they contain complete compositions of nutrition and lots of active substances. Additionally, the microalgae could remove the nitrogen and phosphate, and then improve and adjust the quality of water system in aquaculture industry. So they play a probiotic role. The recent progresses on the biological functions, culture technologies and conservation of feed microalgae in the application and development of mariculture are summarized in this paper.
    Research and Application of Biotechnology in the Field of Veterinary Medicine
    Di Di
    2015, 31(9):  66-69.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.036
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    Nowadays, the environment pollution is becoming serious, and it is harmful to human's disease. This is a serious challenge to the development of animal husbandry veterinary. In this regard, taking use of the modern biotechnology researches to solve the problem in the field of veterinary medicine is the developing direction of veterinary industry. This article will review the research, application and development trend of biotechnology in the veterinary field from three aspects of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, clinical veterinary medicine and veterinary medicine.
    Optimization of Suspended Serum-free Medium for BHK-21 Cells by Combining Mixture with Response Surface Analysis
    Wang Liang, Liu Xuping, Tan Wensong
    2015, 31(9):  70-78.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.009
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    This study is to optimize the suspended serum-free medium for BHK-21 cells by combining Mixture experiment design with response surface analysis(RSA). Based on 6 media A-F of known formulation in the laboratory, the optimal combination of the medium with A:B:C:D:E:F = 0:0:11:0:9:0 was screened by the Mixture test. The contents of several key constituents in the medium were optimized by RSA, and the optimal concentrations of glutamine, tyrosine, bovine serum albumin(BSA)and calcium ion were 3 mmol/L, 2.5 g/L, 0 g/L and 0 mmol/L respectively. The serum-free medium effectively supported the suspending growth of BHK cells. The maximum viable cell density of BHK cells in cell suspension culture reached 140.21×105 cells/ml, which was 1.95 times in basal medium. The suspended serum-free medium for BHK-21 cells was developed by combining Mixture experiment design with RSA, which lays a foundation for the industrial production of foot-and-mouth disease(FMD)vaccine while using BHK-21 cells.
    A Rapid Method of Preparing DNA Template of Filamentous Fungi for PCR Amplification
    Luo Zhongqin, Cheng Lin, Zhang Xi, Chen Guohua
    2015, 31(9):  79-83.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.010
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    This work aims to establish a novel method of extracting DNA template of filamentous fungi for PCR amplification with boiling-water bath and Fusarium oxysporum as raw material. The procedures of this method are as the following:exposing the fungal mycelia in certain volume of 50 mmol/L NaOH solution under boiling water bath, adding 1/10 volume of 1mol/L Tris-HCl(pH8.0)buffer, centrifuging it at 12 000 r/min for 10 min, and using the supernatant as the DNA template for PCR amplification. Results demonstrated that the efficiency of PCR amplification with the DNA template prepared by the method was high, the amplified bands were clear, and adaptability to various Taq DNA polymerases was strong;This indicated that the method was suitable for the preparation of DNA template of filamentous fungi. Conclusively, this method is economic, simple, rapid, safe and high-efficient, and can be utilized for high-throughput screening of filamentous fungal transformants and rapid identification of isolated strains.

    Research report
    Detection of cry1Ab/Ac Gene and Protein Remained in Gut of Broiler Feeding Transgenic Rice
    Xu Deng, Geng Lili, Zhang Minhong, Lu Fan, Zhang Jie
    2015, 31(9):  84-90.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.011
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    To analyze the effects of genetically modified rice on feeding broilers, cry1Ab/Ac gene and protein remained in the jejunum, ileum, cecum and rectum of broiler feeding transgenic rice were detected, and the degradation patterns were testified in vitro. The results showed that there were no residues of cry1Ab/Ac gene in 4 intestinal parts of broilers fed transgenic rice for 21 and 42 d, and cry1Ab/Ac gene gradually degraded after 4 h in the gut in vitro test. No residues of Cry1Ab/Ac protein were detected in contents of the above 4 parts of broilers using ELISA and Western blot. In conclusion, cry1Ab/Ac gene and protein of the transgenic rice were easily digested and degraded in broiler intestines.
    Creation of Cry1Ab/Cry1Ah Hybrid Proteins and Its Functional Analysis
    Xu Man, Jiang Jian, Shu Changlong, Zhang Jie, Song Fuping
    2015, 31(9):  91-96.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.012
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    Cry1A is the most widely used insecticidal protein, and the domain swapping in the reported Cry1A family frequently occurs. In this paper, we investigated the Lepidoptera pests’ highly active protein Cry1Ab and Cry1Ah, and constructed the hybrid protein AhAhAb from Cry1Ab/Cry1Ah and bioassayed the activities. The results showed that the domain swapping of two proteins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ah resulted in the insecticidal activities significantly changed. Compared with the origin proteins, hybrid protein AhAhAb lost the insecticidal activity to Heliothis armigera, caused the insecticidal activity to Ostrinia nubilalis, Plutella xylostella reduced. We then modeled Cry1Ah domain I, and compared the structure and the surface properties with other Cry1A proteins by bioinformatics methods. The results indicated that domain I of Cry1Ah and Cry1Ab had identical carbon skeleton and secondary structure but varied surface and potential distribution. The further studies on the reasons of the activity’s difference between hybrid protein AhAhAb and Cry1Ab or Cry1Ah will give enlightenment for unclosing the evolution pattern of insecticidal specificity of Cry1A family proteins.
    Cloning and Function Analysis of Aquaporin Protein Gene sikPIP1 from Saussurea involucrata Kar. et Kir
    Li Yushun, Liu Yiling, Liu Bucang, Mu Jianqiang, Zhu Jianbo
    2015, 31(9):  97-105.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.013
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    Saussurea involucrata aquaporin protein gene sikPIP1 was cloned from established cDNA library by PCR technique. Then a plant expression vector of pBI121-sikPIP1 was constructed and transgenic tobacco plants were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated method. The analysis by PCR and RT-PCR indicated that the aquaporin protein gene sikPIP1 had been integrated and transcribed into the tobacco genome. The drought and cold resistance by water stress and low-temperature stress for the positive plants from above PCR and RT-PCR examination were analyzed. The results showed that:(1)The plasma membrane aquaporin gene sikPIP1 was cloned with the length of 880 bp and complete ORF of 840 bp. (2)Under the water stress, the growth phenotype of transgenic tobacco was evidently better than wild-type after 7 days’ water-break, the results of physiological index showed that relative conductivity and MDA content of transgenic tobacco were lower than those of wild-type. However, the relative water content of transgenic tobacco was higher than that of wild-type. (3)The growth phenotype of transgenic tobacco was significantly better than that of wild-type under the different temperature stress. Especially below the 0 degree, the wild-type ones were wilting seriously, however, the transgenic tobacco had less damages. The results of physiological index showed that relative conductivity and MDA content of transgenic tobacco were lower than that of wild-type. The testing results showed that sikPIP1 gene improved tobacco's tolerance of drought and cold.
    Correlations Between Sucrose Accumulation and Activities of SPS, SS at Processing Maturing Stage of Sugarcane
    Niu Junqi, Huang Jingli, Zhao Wenhui, Yang Litao, Li Yangrui
    2015, 31(9):  105-110.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.014
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    The correlations between sucrose accumulation and activities of 3 enzymes viz, sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS), sucrose synthase in the synthesis direction(SS-s), and sucrose synthase in the cleavage direction(SS-c)were studied using the leaf+1 and 7 internodes of early-maturing cultivar GT28 and early-intermediate-maturing cultivar ROC22 at processing maturing stage of sugarcane. The results indicated that the activities of SPS, SS-s and SS-c in the leaf+1 were higher than those in stalks of both GT28 and ROC22, suggesting that the leaf+1 was vigorous and active for physiological metabolism, which was the substantial basis for continuous sucrose accumulation in stalks. The SPS activity in internode was significantly and positively correlated with the brix, total soluble sugar and sucrose content of internode, and it was higher in GT28 than in ROC22. Meanwhile, SS-s activity was significantly and negatively correlated with the brix and sucrose content in internode, and it was lower in GT28 than in ROC22. However, SS-c was significantly and negatively correlated with brix, total soluble sugar and sucrose content in the internode of ROC22, while positively in GT28 although it was not significant statistically. This suggests that SPS and SS-s activities promote the sucrose accumulation in the immature internodes;with the internode maturing, sucrose content might be an important regulatory factor to convert the SS activity from synthesis to cleavage direction.
    The Effects of High Temperature Stress on the Accumulation of Triterpenoid and the Activity of Defense Enzyme in the Suspension Cells of Birch
    Chang Zhikai, Bai Yijie, Dong Heng, Yin Jing, Zhan Yaguang
    2015, 31(9):  111-118.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.015
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    This work aims to study how the high temperature stress affects the cell vitality, the activity of defense enzyme and the contents of total triterpenoid in the suspension culture cells of birch, and determine the optimal heat stress treatment by which birch cells can be induced to synthesize triterpenoid. We set temperature of 35℃, 40℃, 45℃, 50℃ and 55℃ treating birch cells for 1, 2 and 4 h respectively, then measured the cells’ vitalities, the activities of defense enzymes’(SOD, CAT and PAL), and the contents of total triterpenoid. Under the treatments of 45-55℃, cell's vitality reduced significantly, and at 50℃ for 2 h was only 6.8% of the control group;meanwhile, the activities of SOD and PAL increased significantly and reached the highest while treated at 55℃ for 4 h and measured at 24 h, i.e., they increased 164.9% and 159.6% compared to the control group. However, the CAT activity was strongly inhibited, in lowest while treated at 55℃ for 2 h and 4 h and measured at 12 h. When treated at 50℃ for 2 h and sampled at 24 h, the contents of total triterpenoid were the highest with 76.66 mg/g, increased 105.6% compared to the control. Finally, we determined that the condition of treatment at 50℃ for 2 h and measured after 24 h was the optimal to induce the birch suspension cells to produce the triterpenoid.
    cDNA Cloning and Yeast Expression of Acyl-CoA Synthetase of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
    Song Yanzi, Jia Bin, Lin Baicheng, Hu Zhangli, Huang Ying
    2015, 31(9):  119-124.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.016
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    This work aims to predict and clone cDNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii acyl-CoA synthetase(gene cracs), and analyze its function in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae YB525. The cracs sequence was cloned by RT-PCR, its conserved sequence of encoded protein and phylogenetic tree were analyzed with ClustalW and MEGA6.0, then the substrate specificity in YB525 of expressed gene was analyzed. As the results, a cracs was cloned for the first time with sequence of 2 004 bp and encoded a 72.3 kD protein crACS of 667 amino acids containing two conserved regions of including acyl-CoA synthetase:the AMP-binding domain and the FACS motif. The phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that crACS shared high homology with LACs of Arabidopsis thaliana. Yeast expression experiments showed that crACS restored acyl-CoA synthetase deficient phenotype of YB525 and assimilated foreign palmitoleic acid and myristic acid. Conclusively, cracs of C. reinhardtii can activate exogenous fatty acid and belongs to acyl-CoA synthetase family.
    cDNA Cloning,Sequence Analysis and Tissue Expression of Apaf-1 and Apaf-2 Gene of Goats
    Luo Bin, Lu Jianyuan, Ma Li, Hu Liang, Liu Shuang, Yang Kewei, Zi Xiangdong
    2015, 31(9):  125-130.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.017
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    We collected the pituitary, ovary and other tissue samples of 5 Tibetan goats and 5 Jintang black goats at estrus stage, cloned cDNA of Apaf-1 and Apaf-2, analyzed their sequences, and investigated their mRNA expression of tissues by qPCR. The results showed that:the coding region sequence(CDS)of goat Apaf-1 gene was 3 750 bp long encoding 1 249 amino acids, and the CDS of Apaf-2 gene was 318 bp encoding 105 amino acids. The two genes showed the same sequences in both of goats, no mutation and no differential expression in 5 tissues. Our data suggested that gene Apaf-1 and Apaf-2 in animal's evolution were conservative, and the correlation with the trait of goat's prolificacy needs further studies.
    Cloning and Prokaryotic Expression of IL-10 Gene of Epinephelus coioides
    Xiao Zhouting, Huang Yucong, Jian Jichang, Lu Yishan, Wu Zaohe,
    2015, 31(9):  131-137.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.018
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    Interleukin 10(IL-10)is the critical multiple-functional cytokine playing the major role of mediating inflammatory responses and regulating the differentiation and proliferation of some immune cells. The full-length cDNA of IL-10 of Epinephelus coioides was cloned using homological cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE-PCR). Results showed the full-length of IL-10's cDNA was 1 104 bp, containing an open reading frame of 564 bp encoding 187 amino acids with an estimated molecular weight of 21.7 kD and an estimated isoelectric point of 5.74, and it had a signal peptide of 22 amino acid residues and no transmembranous region. Amino acid homology analysis showed that the amino acid sequences of IL-10 with Oreochromis niloticus had the highest homology and up to 72.25%. SDS-PAGE indicated that the molecular weight of the fusion protein was 37.5 kD which was in accord with the estimated. The optimal condition of inducible expression for IL-10 protein in Escherichia coli was at 37℃ for 3 h with 0.02 mmol/L of IPTG.

    Cloning and Tissue Expression of Full-length cDNA in Gene Encoding Δ6-desaturase Fatty Acyl of Portunus trituberculatus
    Shi Qiuyan, Yang Zhigang, Wang Wei, Yao Qinqin, Wang Yao, Cheng Yongxu
    2015, 31(9):  138-145.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.019
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    The goal of this work is to investigate the self-synthesis capability of highly unsaturated fatty acid(HUFA)and understand the synthesis pathway of HUFA in Portunus trituberculatus. Full-length cDNA of gene for Δ6-desaturase fatty acyl in P. trituberculatus was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE), and the expressions in 8 tissues such as hepatopancreas, intestine and gill etc. were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR). Analysis of the full-length cDNA of gene for Δ6-desaturase fatty acyl revealed that it was 2 875 bp, including 465 bp of 5' UTR and 1 078 bp of 3' UTR, and encoded 443 amino acids. The presumed protein sequence had a typical desaturase structure:3 histidine-rich motifs, a b5 domain of an N terminal cytochrome and a heme-binding HPGG domain. qRT-PCR showed that gene for Δ6-desaturase fatty acyl expressed in all 8 tissues while the highest in hepatopancreas, less in intestine and muscle, and the least in the heart. The results indicate that P. trituberculatus possesses Δ6-desaturase fatty acyl.
    A Preliminary Screening and Characteristic Analysis of Microsatellite Markers from Transcriptome Sequences in Mugilogobius chulae
    Cai Lei, Yu Lujun, Chen Xiaoqu, Ye Huixin, Chen Lin, Li Jianjun
    2015, 31(9):  146-151.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.020
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    In order to explore microsatellite markers in large-scale, the liver transcriptome of Mugilogobius chulae was sequenced by high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 6 225(12.97%)microsatellite markers were screened from 47 979 Unigenes by microsatellite software, averagely 1 microsatellite marker in every 7.02 kb. The 6 225 microsatellite markers consisted of 226 repeat motifs, which mainly distributed in tri-nucleotide, quad-nucleotide and penta-nucleotide repeats. The mono-nucleotide repeats were of the most by number, accounting for 42.49% of all the microsatellite markers, the di-nucleotide repeats and tri-nucleotide repeats had the similar proportion(25.22% and 26.27% of all the markers, respectively), the rest were the quad-nucleotide, penta-nucleotide and hexa-nucleotide repeats, together accounting for 6.03%. A/T, AG/CT and AGC/TCG were the most frequent motifs in mono-nucleotide, di-nucleotide and tri-nucleotide repeats, respectively. In this research, 76 pairs of primers were designed and synthesized, by 55 pairs of them the target bands were successfully amplified, and 32 loci were of polymorphism. The results suggested that it was feasible to explore a number of microsatellite markers quickly based on the transcriptome sequences of M. chulae.
    Isolation,Screening and Identification of Bacteria Antagonistic to Cercospora chinensis
    Bi Bo, Meng Qinglong, Bao Jingshan
    2015, 31(9):  152-157.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.021
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    Using the plate confrontation assay, 16 strains with antagonistic effects on Fusarium acuminatum were screened from 90 bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of Polygonatum odoratum growing in medicinal garden of Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University. The growth speed rate method was used for measuring the antimicrobial spectrum of G-27 owing the optimal bacteriostasis in vitro, and pot trails were carried out to assess its control effect to Cercospora chinensis in vivo. The results indicated that the inhibition rate of strain G-27 fermentation broth to F. acuminatum was 87.67%. Additionally, it had promising antimicrobial effect to over 10 kinds of plant pathogens, for example, Phytophora capsici, indicating it had broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects. The strain G-27 had significant control efficacy(P<0.05)compared with the pesticides treatments, and the protective and the therapeutic efficacy of the aseptic filtrate of G-27 reached 70.01% and 71.52% with no dilution, even control efficacy of the 20 times dilution of fermentation broth exceeded 50% in pot trails. According to morphologic, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, strain G-27 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
    Isolation,Screening and Identification of Bacteria Antagonistic to Colletotrichum fructicola
    Tian Yuanyuan, Zhou Guoying, Zuo Jie, Liu Qianli, Yang Quan
    2015, 31(9):  158-162.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.022
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    It is aimed to obtain a bacterial strain that has strongly antagonistic activity to Colletotrichum fructicola. Collecting rhizosphere soil from different superior individual of Sandalwood in different parts of Chengmai Forest Farm in Hainan Province and using dilution culture method, 71 strains of bacteria were isolated. Then using C. fructicola as the indicating bacterium, primary screening by flat confrontation and re-screening by fermentation liquid, one strain of bacterium with promising antagonistic activity was obtained, numbered as TXJ2-6. Antibacterial spectrum tests showed it had significantly antagonistic activities to 5 plant pathogens(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Agaricodochium camellia, Fusarium proliferatum, Pestalotiopsis microspora, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Based on the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis, strain TXJ2-6 was identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus.
    Identification of Bacillus sp. LAY and Its Antimicrobial Activity Against Candida albicans
    Cao Jianbin, Yu Huiying, Li Xin
    2015, 31(9):  163-169.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.023
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    The goal of this work is to identify a halotolerant bacterium LAY isolated from Yuncheng Salt Lake and study its antimicrobial properties. The strain LAY was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Using Candida albicans as the indicator, the antimicrobial activity of the fermentation broth of strain LAY was detected by cylinder plate method, and meanwhile the effects of different factors on the activities were studied. Morphological and ultra-structural changes of treated cells were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). PCR screening of functional genes were also carried out. The results of phylogenetic analysis indicated that it was a halotolerant bacterium, and characterized as the genus of Bacillus, and named as Bacillus sp. LAY. The observation by electron spectroscopy discovered that morphological and ultra-structural changes of C. albicans after treatment by fermentation broth of Bacillus sp. LAY were significant. Antimicrobial properties of the strain LAY indicated that the activity of fermentation broth was stable, and showed excellent tolerance towards temperature, pH, NaCl and ultraviolet. Using specific primers, a gene for polyketide synthase(PKS)was detected by PCR technique, indicating that the strain LAY possessed the potential of producing polyketide. In conclusion, results from the study showed that extremophiles from salt lake might be developed as a potential new source of antimicrobial active substances.
    Isolation and Identification of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens WTD and the Optimal Conditions of Its Antimicrobial Activity
    Zhang Chao, Wang Xianghong, Xu Tao, Li Shuai, Qian Hao, Li Shuai, Zhang Zenghu
    2015, 31(9):  170-176.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.024
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    This work is to isolate and screen the antagonistic bacteria from sea environment which can inhibit the growth of the seaperch’s pathogenic bacterium Vibrio anguillarum W-1, and investigate the optimal conditions of its antimicrobial activity as well as the drug sensitivity. The methods of plate crossing streaking and point-inoculating were used to screen the antagonistic bacteria. The morphology, physiological and biochemical reactions and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis were applied for the identification of antagonistic bacteria. The one-variable method was utilized to optimize the antimicrobial conditions of the antagonistic bacteria. Total 126 strains of bacteria were isolated from the coast of Qingdao, Xiamen and Shidao, and 19 antagonistic bacteria were screened. The bacterial strain WTD with the optimal antagonistic activity was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Under the optimal conditions of 35℃, salinity 1% NaCl, and pH 7, the antagonistic effect was the best. The drug sensitivity test revealed that the bacterium was sensitive to 29 antibiotics such as midecamycin, but resistant to polymyxin. As a conclusion, the antagonistic strain B. amyloliquefaciens WTD can efficiently inhibit the growth of the seaperch’s pathogenic bacterium V. anguillarum, and has the potential application value in the aquaculture.
    Screening of Pseudomonas Strains Producing High-yield Siderophore and Its Utilization of Iron Hydroxides
    Zhu Huiming, Zhang Yan, Yang Hongjiang
    2015, 31(9):  177-182.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.025
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    The aim of this study is to isolate the microorganisms producing high-yield siderophore, investigate antimicrobial activity of siderophore against pathogenic bacteria, and study the effect of siderophore on the utilization of insoluble poorly crystalline iron hydroxides(PICH). CAS method was used for isolating microorganisms producing high-yield siderophore. Agar diffusion method and growth inhibition assay were used to test antimicrobial activities of siderophore. Sequence alignment of 16S rRNA gene was used for strain identification. Bacterial growth was measured to investigate the utilization of insoluble PCIH by siderophore. Totally, 172 siderophore-producing strains were isolated from soil samples, including 13 potentially strong siderophore producers(PSSP). The analysis of antimicrobial activities of siderophore showed that only the supernatant of Z158 culture had a pronounced inhibiting effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus vulgaris, and Vibrio parahemolyticus, and the inhibition efficiency was 51.3%, 50.2%, 37.1%, and 28.0%, respectively. Homology analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence identified strain Z158 as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, with insoluble PICH as sole iron source, the biomass of Z158 increased by 46.1% at 24 h after incubation. In conclusion, the siderophore secreted by P. aeruginosa Z158 could inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and acquire iron element from insoluble PCIH.
    Construction of Co-expressed MntH and Mn-catalase Gene in Escherichia coli and Optimization of Fermentation Conditions
    Wang Hui, Cui Yunfeng, Liu Yan, Shi Jiping, Zhao Zhijun, Wang Shaoming
    2015, 31(9):  183-189.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.026
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    Mn-catalase from Thermus thermophilus HB27 and Mn2+ transport protein MntH from Escherichia coli were co-expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3). The optimization of fermentation medium and environment for the production of Mn-catalase was carried out at the shake flask level. The optimal carbon and nitrogen source were 7.0 g/L glycerine, 3.75 g/L yeast extract and 11.25 g/L peptone respectively. The optimum induced concentration of IPTG was 0.05 mmol/L while the Mn2+ in media was 1 mmol/L. In addition, the optimal initial pH of the medium and culture temperature were pH 8.0 and 37℃ respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the maximal activity of catalase reached 476 U/mL, which was 3-fold of the control. Finally, in a 5 L fermentor the activity of catalase increased to 1 094 U/mL.
    Optimization of Fermentation and Enzymatic Characterization of Lipase-producing Burkholder cepacia Lu10-1
    Zhang Yao, Lu Guobing, Zhou Bo, Wang Bing, Mu Zhimei
    2015, 31(9):  190-196.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.027
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    It is aimed to optimize the fermentation conditions of lipase-producing Burkholder cepacia Lu10-1 and analyze its enzymatic properties. The single factor and orthogonal experiments were adopted to study the major factors that affected the lipase yield, such as carbon, nitrogen, inducer, initial pH, temperature, etc. The impact of temperature, pH, metal ion, and organic solvents on lipase catalytic reaction was also primarily investigated. The optimal medium and culture conditions were as follows: soluble starch 1.5%, peptone 1.5%, olive oil 3 g/L, K2HPO4 2 g/L, temperature 32℃, initial pH 9.0, and fermentation time 48 h, the enzyme activity reached 12.4 U/mL, increased 2.7-fold compared to the initial activity. The optimal temperature and pH were 60℃ and 9.0 respectively. The lipase was stable under 60℃ for 100 h remaining over 80% of the activity and it was also stable at pH 5.0-10.0. Moreover, the lipase had solid tolerance to organic solvent such as methanol and ethanol.
    Review
    Optimizing the Addition of Amino Acids in the Production of Glutathione by Recombinant Escherichia coli
    Wang Dezheng, Wu Hui, Li Zhimin, Ye Qin
    2015, 31(9):  197-203.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.028
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    The condition of amino acids was optimized in the production of glutathione(GSH)by recombinant Escherichia coli expressing bifunctional glutathione synthetase. Only 0.81 g/L of GSH was produced without adding any amino acid, whereas 1.16 g/L of GSH was formed when 17 mmol/L of cysteine was fed into the medium after 2 h induction, increasing 43% compared to no amino acid added. With the feeding 17 mmol/L of 3 precusor amino acids, the production was improved significantly and achieved at 3.86 g/L, which was 2.33 times of single cysteine addition. By increasing the amount of 3 amino acids to 25 mmol/L, GSH was 4.64 g/L, 4.73 times as no amino acid added, and the overall productivity was 317.8 mg/(L·h), the conversion rate of cysteine to glutathione was 0.60 mol/mol. While concerning the addition mode, the production rate of GSH was 3.09 g/(L·h) when 25 mmol/L of amino acids was once added to the fermenter, only 2.38 g/(L·h) when 25 mmol/L of amino acids added at constant speed and continuously, so the productivity increased 29.8% by adding once. The process was successfully scaled up in the 50 L fermenter and 4.31 g/L of GSH was produced with an overall productivity of 310.1 mg/(L·h), which laid a foundation for the industrial production of GSH.
    Research report
    Fermentative Characteristics of Indigenous Wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae Isolated from Western Area of Inner Mongolia
    Wang Fengmei, Ma Libing
    2015, 31(9):  204-208.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.029
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    This study compared the fermentative characteristics of 6 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from western area of Inner Mongolia. Firstly, the resistances of these strains on alcohol, SO2, low temperature, low pH, glucose and salt were tested;then fermentative experiment was performed by seeding these strains respectively into grape juice, the following physical and chemical indexes were measured and compared:the fermenting power of these strains, the alcoholic strength, the residual sugar, the content of total acid and volatile acid in fermentation liquor. On the basis of above experimental results, 2 strains of S. cerevisiae with excellent fermentative characteristics were screened, and they are expected to be utilized in producing indigenous wine in the western area of Inner Mongolia.
    Influence of Perturbation of Energy Metabolism in Escherichia coli K235 on Biosynthesis of Polysialic Acid
    Yan Xia, Wu Jianrong, Zheng Zhiyong, Zhan Xiaobei
    2015, 31(9):  209-217.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.030
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    Different medium volumes, carbon sources with varied redox states and adding nicotinic acid, and the precursor of NAD+ were used to adjust the intracellular energy charge and reduction of Escherichia coli in order to investigate the relationships between biosynthesis of polysialic acid and intracellular nucleotides. The results showed that the higher the production of polysialic acid was, the lower UTP was, but higher UMP was. Meanwhile, energy charge level was lower because the synthesis of UTP and CTP consumed a lot of ATP. Using sorbitol as carbon source, more polysialic acid was produced than those of fermentation with glucose, xylose and sodium gluconate due to the increase of NADH. Addition of nicotinic acid to the fermentation medium elevated intracellular NAD+, which led to the raise of intracellular oxidative stress, sequentially the decrease of the reducing metabolites such as polysialic acid, succinate and lactate, and even the vanish of them.
    Toxic Effects of NNK on NCTC 1469 Cells
    Han Yawei, Wang Xihua, Chen Liping, Shi Guiqin, Sun Liping, Zhou Wenshan
    2015, 31(9):  218-223.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.031
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    This work is to investigate the cytotoxicity in NCTC 1469 cells induced by 4-(methyInitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone(NNK). MTT assay was used to analyze the toxic effects on NCTC 1469 cells under various concentrations(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mg/mL)of NNK at different times. Morphologic changes of treated NCTC 1469 cells with NNK were observed by the inverted microscopy. Flow cytometry(FCM)and real-time quantitative PCR were applied to measure the apoptosis rate and the expression of apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA. NNK depressed the viability of NCTC 1469 cells with a pattern of the dose-dependent and time-dependent. Typical morphological changes of cells shrinkage and the decrease of density were observed by the inverted microscopy. FCW revealed that inhibited cell proliferation and induced death were of dose-dependent, i.e., apoptotic rates were(16.79 ± 2.01)%, (26.87 ± 1.67)%, (41.78 ± 3.19)%, (50.89 ± 3.94)% and(65.86 ± 4.54)% respectively at 24 h after the cells treated with the concentrations(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mg/mL)of NNK, showing much higher than the control of(7.46 ± 1.58)%. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that with the raising of NNH concentration, the expression of gene Bcl-2 decreased and the expression of gene Bax gradually increased. Conclusively, NNK could obviously abate the viability of NCTC 1469 cells and induce the apoptosis of NCTC 1469 cells in a pattern of dose-dependent and time-dependent.
    Comparison of the Superantigen Sensitivity on Staphylococcal Enterotoxins C2 in Guinea Pigs and BALB/c Mice
    Meng Beiqian, Zhang Huiwen, Zhang Guojun, Xu Mingkai, Li Xu, Zhang Chenggong
    2015, 31(9):  224-231.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.032
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    This work is to analyze and compare the superantigen sensitivity on staphylococcal enterotoxins C2(SEC2)in guinea pigs and BALB/c mice, and determine the model animal for the researches of superantigen sensitivity on SEC2. In vitro, peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC)and splenocytes from guinea pigs and BALB/c mice were respectively stimulated with SEC2 at gradient concentration, and the cell proliferation was tested by MTS assay;In vivo, the changes of temperature and weight of guinea pigs and mice were measured at interval of 3 d after the intraperitoneal injection of SEC2. Meanwhile, the serums were collected at interval of 7 d to detect the levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α by ELISA. SEC2 of different concentrations significantly stimulated the proliferation of PBMC and splenocytes from BALB/c mouse(P < 0.05), but not so from guinea pigs(P > 0.05). After intraperitoneal injection of SEC2, there was no significant difference in body temperature of both guinea pigs and mice(P > 0.05)compared to the control. In the later phase of the experiment, the body weights of guinea pigs in SEC2 group were significantly lower than those in control group(P < 0.05). And the body weights of mice in SEC2 group were also significantly lower than those in control group during day 3 to 30, but recovered to normal level at the end of the experiment(P > 0.05). The cytokines IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α in serum of mice of SEC2 group were significantly elevated compared with in control group(P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in guinea pigs administrated with SEC2 and physiological saline(P > 0.05). In conclusion, comparing with guinea pigs, BALB/c mice are more sensitive to the stimulation of SEC2 with promising dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Therefore, BALB/c mouse is a suitable model animal for the researches of superantigen activity.
    Analysis of Expression Pattern of LHR Gene in the Reproductive System of Yak During the Estrous Cycle
    Hu Wei, Cui Yan, Pan Yangyang, Li Guyue, He Honghong, Xiong Li, Yu Sijiu
    2015, 31(9):  232-237.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.033
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    This experiment was conducted to study the differences in expression of luteinizing hormone receptor(LHR)gene in the reproduction of yak during the estrous cycle. Three 2-year female yaks in each phase(follicular and luteal phase)from Qinghai Province were selected for the experiment. Specific primers were designed on the basis of 5' and 3' end conservative LHR gene sequence of cattle. The comparative expression quantity of LHR gene in different phases of the reproductive system of yak was analyzed by real time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR). The results showed that the comparative expression quantity of LHR gene in the reproductive system of yak during the estrous cycle were different, the expressions of LHR gene in ovary and oviduct were higher during the follicular phase than the luteal phase, and the expression of LHR gene in uterus was higher during the luteal phase than the follicular phase. Our findings showed that the expression of LHR gene in the reproductive system of yak during the estrous cycle was different. It implies that the LHR plays vital regulating role in the reproductive system during the reproduction of yak.
    A Study on the Optimization of Condition for Soluble Expression of Fusarium-specific scFv Antibody in Escherichia coli
    Hu Zuquan, Li Heping, Wu Ping, Liao Yucai, Zhang Jingbo
    2015, 31(9):  238-243.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.034
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    The objectives of the work is to optimize the conditions for inducing expression, and obtain the soluble and high-yield expression of a Fusarium-specific single-chain variable fragment(scFv)antibody in the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli XL1-Blue. The recombinant plasmid containing a Fusarium-specific scFv antibody FvSG7 was transferred into E. coli XL1-Blue. After the culture medium for inducing selected, the soluble expression level and activity of FvSG7 antibody were analyzed by Western blot and ELISA detection for studying the influence of temperature, IPTG concentration and induction time on expression level. The maximum productivity of soluble FvSG7 antibody was obtained after induction at 25℃ for 2 h, with a final concentration of 0.1 mmol/L β-D-thiogalactopyranoside(IPTG)and the cultured bacteria growing to the OD600 value of 0.5. In conclusion, the soluble expression of FvSG7 antibody in the periplasm of E. coli XL1-Blue increased significantly by optimizing the expression’s conditions of induction temperature, IPTG concentration and induction time.
    Expression, Purification and Bioactivity of Recombinant Human Interleukin-1α Expressed in Pichia pastoris
    Li Bin, Xu Xiaoya, Yang Ganggang, Cui Qingqing, Yang Yajuan, Xu Cunshuan
    2015, 31(9):  244-250.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.09.035
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    This work is to secret and express human interleukin-1α(rhIL-1α)in Pichia pastoris and optimize the fermentation and purification process of rhIL-1α for obtaining the rhIL-1α with high-purity, high-expression and owing biological activity. The gene hIL-1α amplified by PCR was constructed into the eukaryotic expression vector pPICZαA/hIL-1α, and then it was transformed into the P. pastoris X-33 strain via electroporation.The engineering strain with high-expression of rhIL-1α was screened and assayed by the methods of PCR and SDS-PAGE, further indentified by Western blot. The expressed product was purified by the DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow ion exchange chromatography, and the bioactivity of it to human cancer Bel-7402 cell was initially assayed. Results showed that inducing rhIL-1α by methanol for 4 d at shaking flask level, the expression reached 30mg/L, the test by Western blot revealed that specific binding activity of rhIL-1α was detected;the purity of the rhIL-1α reached about 95% and the yield was about 40%;rhIL-1α inhibited the proliferation of Bel-7402 cells. In conclusion, recombinant engineering vector of rhIL-1α was successfully constructed, and it was highly expressed in P. pastoris, which lays groundwork for further study of its function and bioactivity.