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Table of Content

    26 October 2018, Volume 34 Issue 10
    Orginal Article
    Research Advance on Plant Long Noncoding RNAs
    TAN Yu-rong, WANG Dan, GAO Xuan, LIU Jin-ping
    2018, 34(10):  1-10.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0167
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    Long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)refers to those RNAs having >200 nucleotides while containing ORF of less than 100 amino acids.. Based on their locations to nearby protein-coding genes,lncRNAs can be roughly classified into four types:long noncoding natural antisense transcripts(lincNATs),intron lncRNAs,promoter lncRNAs and long intergenic ncRNAs(lincRNAs). lncRNAs can function as recruiters,tethers,guides,decoys and signals for other biological molecules via interactions with epigenetic,transcriptional,post-transcriptional and translation control. A larger number of lncRNAs have been identified in many plant species and have shown to be important regulators in plant growth and development such as vernalization and flowering induction,formation of nodules in leguminous plants,pollen development and male sterility,photomorphogenesis,Pi absorption,lateral root development,auxin transport and development signal output,plant responses to diverse stresses and diseases,etc. lncRNAs are of great significance for the regulation of plant growth and development,also potent tools for the improvement of crop cultivar. In recent years,the research on plant lncRNAs increased drastically,and the literature on this field has grown rapidly. This review integrates the current knowledge on the classification,identification and research,molecular regulatory mechanisms and functions of plant lncRNAs in order to provide references for researchers.
    Research Progress on the Secondary Metabolite of Purpureocillium lilacinum
    HAO Ze-ting, HAO Xiao-hui, YAN Jing, XIE Bing-yan, LIANG Li-qin
    2018, 34(10):  11-17.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0049
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    Purpureocillium lilacinum is a filamentous fungus belonging to Purpureocillium of Ophiocordycipitaceae of Hypocreales of Ascomycota. It is a kind of broad-spectrum bio-control fungi,and it not only has good control effects on plant parasitic nematodes,aphids,red spiders,green house whitefly,leaf-cutting ants,etc.,but also has antagonistic effects on a variety of plant pathogenic fungi,bacteria and even viruses. P. lilacinum can secrete chitinase and serine proteases,thereby degrading the proteins and chitin constituents of the nematode epidermis,facilitating invasion and destruction of cellular components. P. lilacinum may also be endogenous to plants,producing effectors that antagonize other fungi. P. lilacinum may colonize the rhizosphere of plants,producing secondary metabolites that can inhibit fungi and nematodes. At present,the studies on the secondary metabolites of P. lilacinum mainly include the synthesis regulation,activity and molecular structure determination of non-ribosomal peptides,alkaloids,and polyketides. The non-ribosomal peptide compounds produced by P. lilacinum are leucinostatin A and B,alkaloid is paecilomide,and polyketide compounds are Acremoxanthone C and Acremonidin A. This paper mainly reviewed the research progress on the secondary metabolites from P. lilacinum,discussed research significance of secondary metabolites from P. lilacinum,and finally,prospected the study foreground of P. lilacinum,so as to provide a reference for the relevant researchers.
    Research Progress on Drug Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in Bovine Mastitis
    ZHAO Yan-kun, LIU Hui-min, WANG Shuai, CAI Jian-xing, WANG Cheng, CHEN He
    2018, 34(10):  18-25.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0317
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    Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most dominant pathogenic bacteria resulting in bovine mastitis. The role of antibiotics in the treatment of bovine mastitis is irreplaceable,however,antibiotics are dependent seriously or even over-spread,the drug resistance of S. aureus is becoming increasingly prominent,and it is particularly serious at the present stage in China. In recent years,the drug-resistant strains and profiles have widened gradually,and their drug resistance is increasing. The resistance mechanism becomes more and more complex,and the genes with drug resistance are varied. The widespread and multidrug-resistant of S. aureus from bovine mastitis is very serious,even the super drug-resistant bacteria,methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus(MRSA),appeared,which brings great difficulties in the treatment of bovine mastitis. Severe drug resistance of S. aureus not only affects the dairy farming industry and the prevention and treatment of mastitis,also threatens human health directly or indirectly. Therefore,the key to solve the problem is to monitor S. aureus drug resistance and its migration as well as to identify its specific drug resistance mechanism. At present,S. aureus can produce drug resistance to antibacterial drugs such as β-lactams,aminoglycans,tetracyclines,macrolides,linamine and quinolones by different mechanisms,such as generating modification enzymes,changing the target of antibacterial drugs,reducing the permeability of cell wall and so on,but the mechanism of molecular drug resistance from gene coding remains unclear. A review here is made on the S. aureusdrug resistance and its molecular drug resistance mechanism in bovine mastitis,and the significance and problems of defining the mechanism of S. aureus drug resistance are discussed,aiming at providing ideas and basis for rationally applying drug and effective prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis in clinics.
    Review on Mechanism and Application of Microbe Degrading Petroleum Pollutants
    HUA Tao, LI Sheng-nan, DI Zhi-hun, ZHOU Bo, ZENG Wen-lu, ZHOU Qi-xing, LI Feng-xiang
    2018, 34(10):  26-34.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0156
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    The analysis on the degradation mechanism of petroleum hydrocarbons is crucial for oil pollution remediation since oil pollution is an urgent issue of water environment. This paper summarizes the main processes of treating oil-polluted water bodies and sediments,and highlights the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by microbes. The microbial species,degradation mechanism and reaction mechanism in the course of microbial degradation and removal of petroleum hydrocarbon are mainly introduced. It mainly includes representative bacteria,fungi and algae,aerobic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons(alkane,cyclane,and aromatic hydrocarbon)and anaerobic degradation(dehydrogenation hydroxylation and fumarate addition). In addition,the factors affecting microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon are discussed,specifically including hydrocarbon structures(The more complex branched multi-structure is,then the more difficult it is to be degraded),microbial species(More biochemical degradation by mixed bacteria)and environmental factors(pH,temperature,salinity,oxygen content,and nutrients). The advantages and disadvantages of the applied bioremediation technologies for oil pollution remediation are further pointed out. Moreover,by analyzing the problems in current researches,the development emphasis in the biodegradation of oil pollutants is forecasted,that is,the mechanism of biodegrading oil needs to be further clarified. And the paper predicts that bio-electrochemical methods will make an important role in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants. By reviewing the biodegradation mechanism and reaction mechanism of petroleum hydrocarbons,it is aimed to provide the reference for bioremediation of petroleum pollution in water bodies.

    Research Progress on Bacteriocins and Their Potential New Applications
    MAO Wen, TIAN Lu, GONG Guo-li
    2018, 34(10):  35-40.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0354
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    Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides synthesized in microbial ribosomes and are generally used as food preservatives. In recent years,scientists have selected a small number of bacteriocins to conduct in-depth study,opened up new research fields for bacteriocins,and extended their application area. With the rapid development of genetics and nanotechnology,bacteriocins are likely to be developed into the next generation of antibiotics,novel carrier molecules,and drugs for the treatment of tumors. Concurrently,scientists have discovered that some bacteriocins have the ability to regulate quorum sensing,this finding suggests that bacteriocins may be applied in new areas. At present,the bacteriocins produced by Gram-negative bacteria are mainly utilized for the study of translation and modification of bacteriocins,while the bacteriocins produced by Gram-positive bacteria(mainly lactic acid bacteria)are mainly for the study of bacteriocin application. Currently,the application of bacteriocins is expanding from the food field to human health. This review focuses on the function of bacteriocins and their effects,and describes their application from the food field to human health in detail,indicating the importance of bacteriocin.to further study bacteriocin laid the foundation for food antisepsis,human disease prevention and biological control.

    Research Advances on Tissue Culture Technology of Sorghum
    PENG Xiang, ZHANG De-chun
    2018, 34(10):  41-48.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0235
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    Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)is the fifth most widely planted cereal crop in the world. It is the raw material in food,fodder and processing industry. As well,it has been identified as a potential biofuel crop. Despite the important application value,the genetic improvement of sorghum via genetic engineering technology is very difficult,because there is no highly efficient sorghum tissue culture system. According to recent studies,we reviewed the main factors having great influences on sorghum tissue culture,such as genotypes,explants,media,plant hormones,etc. Importantly,we focused on the strategies which may promote the regeneration of sorghum. At the end,two directions for solving the difficulties in sorghum regeneration via tissue culture are given as:first,the genetic and epigenetical mechanisms of plant regeneration should be studied deeply;second,the culture conditions should be further optimized based on the metabolism characteristic of every genotype. These ideas will be references for the establishment of highly efficient sorghum tissue culture system.
    Research Advance and Application of Molecular Inversion Probe Technology
    LUO Zhi-mei, ZHANG Yong-biao, YAN Chun, HAN Yuan-yuan, HU Rui, LIU Ji-qiang
    2018, 34(10):  49-57.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0367
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    Molecular inversion probe technology is a newly developed technique for capturing targeted sequences by designed specific probes,and the captured sequences is enriched for subsequent chip hybridization or sequencing detection. By this technology,researchers can study important genome regions in a large of samples and avoid the high cost and difficulties from genome-wide analysis. In addition,molecular inversion probe technology makes up for the shortages of molecular capture methods such as hybrid capture and PCR capture techniques,and will provide forceful technical support for the research of important DNA fragments of plants,animals and pathogens. Molecular inversion probe technology is currently being used in SNP genotyping,exon sequencing,copy number variation,loss of heterozygosity,somatic mutation,DNA methylation and alternative splicing,etc. Molecular inversion probe technology has been applied more and more broadly owing to its characteristics,such as strong specificity,fine repeatability,simple operation,low cost,low requirement for DNA integrity,and being adaptable to the analysis of formalin-paraffin-embedded samples. However,molecular inversion probe technology still needs to be improved in terms of probe design and data analysis software development. To promote a comprehensive understanding of this technology,here we review the principle,development process,technical characteristics,and the applications in disease research,as well as discuss its values and existing issues while applying molecular inversion probe technology.

    Research Advance on the Algal Mutation Breeding Technologies
    FU Feng, SUI Zheng-hong, SUN Li-qin, BI Lu-ping, DING Li-jun, CHEN Qi
    2018, 34(10):  58-63.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0094
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    Algal breeding by mutation refers to the method of physical and chemical factors are used to induce genetic variations and to acquire valuable mutants in the short period. Algae are the main primary producer of aquatic ecosystems,closely associated with human life and economic development,and are the basis for human to develop the “blue agriculture”. Mutation breeding has become an important means to improve the efficiency of algae breeding and obtain new species,which is widely applied in microalgae with high bioactive substance contents,biological energy microalgae,and some of the large economic algae. The mutation technologies used in algae breeding mainly include physical and chemical mutagenesis. Ultraviolet,γ-ray,heavy ion beam and ARTP are the physical mutagenesis methods,and ethyl methanesulphonate(EMS)and N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG)are the mainly chemical mutagenesis agents. This paper introduces the mechanisms and biological effects of above mentioned mutation technologies,and summarizes the progress and prospects of mutation technology in algae breeding,aiming at promoting the development of algae mutation breeding.
    Research and Prospect of Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay as a Rapid Gene Screening Method
    YUAN Xiang-fen, LÜ Ji-zhou, WU Shao-qiang, WANG Qiao-li, ZHAO Hong
    2018, 34(10):  64-70.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0412
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    Loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)is a novel diagnostic technique requiring only simple isothermal heating device to efficiently amplify the targeted specific genes. Due to the high sensitivity and fastness,LAMP has showed to be a potential gene diagnostic tool since its discovery. In recent years,this technology is widely adopted in molecular diagnostics,involving the detection of bacteria,viruses,parasites,animal and plant GMO inspection and other food component determination. More and more researchers regard LAMP as an alternative method instead of PCR for clinical gene diagnosis. However,the lacking of normalized upstream and downstream technologies,such as fast nucleic acid extraction,ideal reaction systems,effective measures against cross contamination,portable detection devices and so on,leads to significant obstacles in its application for on-site diagnosis. To better meet the need of fast detection,many researches targeting to resolve the above associated problems have get primary results. In this article,we define LAMP as an early screening technique according to the demands of rapid clinical diagnosis. Further,we review the current research status and the limit of the related technologies involving fast nucleic acid extraction,optimized detection solutions,avoidance of false-positive results,re-check and determination of the results,the platform of field LAMP performance,and prospect the future technology development and application,aiming at highlighting the future research and development and promoting the constant improvement and clinical application of LAMP.

    Progress in Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Circularly-permuted Fluorescent Protein Biosensors
    ZHOU Jia-sheng, WANG Peng, ZHOU Huang-mei, XU Jin-ming, ZHANG San-jun
    2018, 34(10):  71-80.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0212
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    Circularly-permuted fluorescent protein(cpFP)biosensors as novel genetically encoded biosensors consist of fluorescent protein and binding domain protein that specifically responds to typical analyte. There is relatively high sensitivity and large dynamic range during the detection of analyte duo to cpFP biosensor’ unique mode of construction,which have attracted more and more scientists’ interests,thus they have become powerful tools for monitoring life activities. Nowadays,growingly biosensors based on cpFP have been widely used in the fields of biological imaging,drug screening and cellular metabolites detection,i.e.,played an increasingly important role. However,there are issues such as development workload is very heavy,fluorescence intensity is weak,and measurement method is limited while developing these sensors. Constant efforts from scientists are still highly required to solve these issues. In this paper,we reviewed researches on the cpFP biosensors,focusing on the design method of cpFP biosensors,the types and basic properties of the current cpFP biosensors,the current states of development,and existing problems. In addition,we introduced the detection methods used in cpFP biosensors especially the fluorescence lifetime imaging method,and compared the advantages and disadvantages of these detection methods. This article aims to elaborate the development status of cpFP biosensors from various aspects,so as to provide researchers references and inspirations.
    A Rapid Detection Method of Residual Genomic DNA in Total RNA Samples from Lilium regale
    DU Wen-kai, YUAN Su-xia, HU Feng-rong
    2018, 34(10):  81-86.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0364
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    The residual genomic DNA in total RNA seriously affects the detection accuracy of qRT-PCR. In order to detect residual DNA in the RNA sample,a pair of primers LDRG-F:5'-CTCTTTTATGACGAGGTTGGTA-3' and LDRG-R:5'-CAGGGAAATCGGTCAGTGTT-3'were designed based on partial sequence of introns in the house-keeping gene lTIP41-like. Then this pair of primers were used to detect the total RNA samples extracted by using three different RNA extraction kits and the cDNA samples obtained by using two different first strand cDNA synthesis kits via PCR amplification. The result showed that using the primers helped to rapidly detect whether or not there were the residual genomic DNA in total RNA and cDNA samples from Lilium regal.
    Recombinant Expression and Functional Analysis of Nano-antibody in Lactococcus lactis Against Clostridium difficile Toxin
    WU Guo-song, LI Shan
    2018, 34(10):  87-91.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0287
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    This study is to construct recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing nanobody against Clostridium difficile toxin. The nano-antibody is a kind of natural antibody(named E3 and AA6 respectively)which is deficient in light chain and isolated from peripheral blood after immunizing alpaca. The recombinant plasmid pNZ8148-E3-AA6 was constructed and transformed into L. lactis NZ9000 to induce expression. About 32 kD target protein was detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The recombinant protein E3-AA6 was purified by nickel-column affinity chromatography and its concentration was measured by BCA protein assay kit. The cell rounding experiment and CCK8 experiment were used to identify its function,E3-AA6 effectively inhibited the C. difficile toxin TcdB. In conclusion,the pNZ8148-E3-AA6 is successfully constructed and bivalent antibodies E3-AA6 is efficiently expressed in the NICE system,this provides a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of infections by C. difficile.
    Strengthening the Ability of Pseudomonas putida to Accumulate PHA from Lignin by Metabolic Engineering
    GAO Qing-long, CHEN Sheng-bao, TIAN Wen-jia, ZHANG Xue-ming, MAYu-chao
    2018, 34(10):  92-99.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0244
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    The aim of this study is to strengthen the ability of Pseudomonas putida accumulating PHA from lignin by metabolic engineering,and to provide technical basis and research directions for improving the conversion efficiency of lignin and the production of PHA at low-cost but high-efficiency. The upstream and downstream DNA fragments of PHA helicase-encoding gene phaZ were inserted into pK18mobsacB to construct the knockout vector pK18PHAC1C2. The peroxidase-encoding gene dypB derived from R. jostii RHA1 were inserted into pVLT33 to construct the expression vector pVLTpelBDYPB. The phaZ gene was knocked out from original P. putida QSR1 with the homologous recombination,and mutant P. putida QSRZ6 was obtained. Then the peroxidase DyPB was transformed into the P. putida QSRZ6 with the heterologous recombination,P. putida QSRZ6B with DyPB expressed was constructed. The growth and PHA accumulation of mutant strains were analyzed. Cultured for 48 hours with glucose as carbon source under the N limited situation,the dry cell weight and PHA accumulation of QSRZ6 increased by 29% and 80% compared with QSR1. Cultured for 48 hours with lignin,the dry cell weight and PHA accumulation of QSRZ6 increased by 48% and 182%,as well as the PHA accumulation of P. putida QSRZ6B increased by 13% and 218% compared with the control strain P. putida QSRZ6 and P. putida QSR1,respectively,and the yield of PHA reached 140 mg/L. The ability of the strains utilizing lignin to accumulate PHA was enhanced by the phaZ-inactivation and the expression heterologous peroxidase,suggesting that metabolic engineering is an effective approach for the regulation of lignin conversion and PHA accumulation.

    The Best Harvest Time of Sweet Sorghum for Forge Based on Biomass and Nutritional Quality
    WANG Nan, CHEN Cheng-xuan, XIE Peng, LI Xiao, LI Chao, TANG San-yuan, XIE Qi
    2018, 34(10):  100-107.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0679
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    Sweet sorghum is recently developed silage. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sorghum varieties and best harvest time based on the biomass and quality of sweet sorghum. The biomass and nutritional quality of different sweet sorghum varieties were determined and compared at different growth stages. The results showed that the biomass and nutritional quality of sorghum change along the different developmental stages. The biomass of the sorghums was consistent with the S-shaped Logistic growth curve. The whole plant dry matter,brix degree and nitrogen free extract showed an increase trend during the growing stage. In opposite,the content of crude protein,ether extract,crude ash,and cellulose showed a decrease trend during the growing stage. The biomass,brix degree and nitrogen free extract of sweet sorghum cultivars(Keller、ST008 and H310)are significantly higher than grain/sweet sorghum E048. The biomass of sweet sorghum is even higher than that of maize,and some nutrient indexes are better than corn. We found from elongation stage to milk ripe stage would be the better harvesting stage,at which the sorghum have integrated high biomass and good nutritional quality. Taken together,it can be concluded that sweet sorghum can be used as high quality silage to partially replace silage maize,and might be mixed with silage maize to feed cattle and sheep.
    Screening,Identification and Growth-promoting Effect of Multi-function Rhizosphere Growth-promoting Strain of Wild Soybean
    GUO Ying, YANG Ping, ZHANG Dan-yu, LIU Ying-ying, MA Lian-ju, BU Ning
    2018, 34(10):  108-115.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0437
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    In order to obtain plant growth promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)of wild soybean and clarify its growth-promoting characteristics,a selective culture method was used to isolate and screen nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria from wild soybean nodules and rhizosphere soils growing along Puhe River in Shenbei New District,Shenyang. Morphological,physiological and biochemical indicators and molecular biological identification of 16S rDNA were adapted to identify their biology,and touch-Up PCR(Rising PCR)method was employed to amplify the structural gene nifH of nitrogenase. Their phosphorus release,IAA secretion,and ACC deaminase activity were determined and analyzed for screening fine strains that then were used to study their growth-promoting effect on potted soybean. As a result,12 PGPR strains of wild soybean were obtained and identified as Bacillus,Burkholderia,Rhizobium,Janthinobacterium,Sphingomyces,Phingomonas,Mycobacterium,Pseudomonas,and Agrobacterium;2 of them dissolved organic phosphorus,11 solubilized inorganic phosphorus,3 secreted IAA,and 5 presented ACC deaminase activity. Pot experiments showed that 3 strains(GD11,GD17,and GD58)resulted in the plant height increase of soybean seedlings,5 strains(GD9,GD11,GD17,GD30,and GD58)promoted root length,and 6 strains led to the increment of stem weight,leaf dry weight,and root dry weight of soybean seedlings. Soybean root nodule and rhizosphere soil contain multi-functional rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria,thus it has potential application value in agricultural production.
    Screening,Identification and Biocontrol Effect of Antagonistic Bacteria on Potato Common Scab
    LI Yu-cong, Li Bin-ying, YOU Xin-yi, LIU Yu-hao, ZHOU Bo, LIN Rong-shan
    2018, 34(10):  116-121.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0417
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    Potato common scab is one of the major diseases of potato,and using biological means to control it gradually attracts researchers' attentions. In order to obtain a strain with strong antagonism to the pathogen of potato common scab,using Streptomyces bottropensis AMCC400023,a pathogen of potato common scab as a target strain,an antagonistic strain was isolated from the soil collected from the potato-planting area in Gaomi City of Shandong Province,and the plate confrontation growth method and the Oxford cup test were used for primary screening and rescreening. As results,a strain 1-3-4 with strong antagonistic effect was obtained,the diameter of the inhibition zone was 19.74 mm,and the control effect in pot experiment reached 40.27% and 48.66%. According to the 16S rDNA sequence analysis of strain 1-3-4,its culture morphological characteristics,as well as physiological and biochemical characteristics,it was identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus. The results of pots experiment showed that strain 1-3-4 had a promising control effect on potato common scab and had fine application prospects.

    Optimal Cultivation of Rabdosia rubescens Hairy Roots and the Inhibition Test of Its Extract on Tumor Cell Growth
    CHEN Wan-qi, ZHANG Hong, WANG Jin-feng, CHEN Jun-jie, LIN Xiao-wen, LUO Jie-hua, XU Yuan, CHEN Yan-fang, LU Xing-yan
    2018, 34(10):  122-128.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0207
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    The objective of this study is to explore and establish the optimal method for cultivating Rabdosia rubescens hairy roots and to test the anti-tumor activity of its extracts. Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC11325 and ATCC15834 were used to induce the growth of hairy roots in the R. rubescens explants,the effects of different types of medium and different sucrose concentrations on the growth of R. rubescens hairy roots were investigated,and thereafter,their growth curves were measured. Ultrasound was employed to prepare the crude extract from R. rubescens hairy roots,then the crude extracts were purified via macroporous adsorption resin,and further,the content of oridonin in the extract was determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The purified extracts were formulated into test solutions with different concentrations to be applied on the cancer cell line BEL-7402,A-549,SGC-7901,and HGC,and the cell viability were determined by the CCK-8 method. As results,only ATCC15834 induced adventitious roots from the petiole and the incision on stems,however,no adventitious roots grew in the leaf explants. The genetic identification of adventitious roots was consistent with the characteristics of hairy roots. Hairy roots had the highest proliferation rate in 3% sucrose B5 medium,and the growth curve was similar to a “S” type,the mid-logarithmic phase reached at the 25th day and the plateau phase was at the 70th day. The rude extract from hairy roots by ultrasound and macroporous resin extract were analyzed to have the content of oridonin of 0.0171% and 0.0022%,respectively. When the content of extract from hairy roots was 1 mg/mL,the inhibition rate to 4 cancer cells reached 95% or more. Conclusively,the extract rate from the hairy roots of R. rube is the highest when the hairy roots induced by ATCC15834 to infect the petiole and stem explant of R. rubescens are cultured in 3% sucrose B5 medium with shake flasks for 25 days and then subculturing them for 70 days. The extract from R. rubescens hairy roots contains oridonin that can effectively inhibit the growth of in vitro tumor cells.
    Prokaryotic Expression,Purification and Antiserum Preparation of Recombinant EDF-1 of Bufo gargarizans
    LIU Yi-jun, JIA Yu-kun, WANG Ling-fang, LIU Hong-xing, YANG Xian-yu
    2018, 34(10):  129-134.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0291
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    This study aims to acquire the recombinant protein of endothelial differentiation related factor-1(EDF-1)of Bufo gargarizans and high-titer antiserum. The open reading frame(ORF)of EDF-1 of B. gargarizans has been cloned(GenBank accession number:K F769459)in previous studies. However,the recombinant protein using original ORF was not expressed in prokaryotic system due to the codon bias that might make the codons of B. gargarizans difficult to be recognized in prokaryotic cells. The codon of EDF-1 ORF of B. gargarizans was optimized,synthesized chemically,and inserted into prokaryotic expression vector,thus the recombinant plasmid pET-28b-EDF-1-Bufo for prokaryotic expression was constructed. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli competent cells BL21(DE3). The expression of recombinant EDF-1 of B. gargarizans was induced by IPTG,and the EDF-1 was purified with cobalt agarose. Then mice were immunized with the purified recombinant protein to prepare the antiserum against EDF-1. The specificity and titer of the antiserum was determined by Western blot and ELISA,respectively. As results,the recombinant EDF-1 of B. gargarizans was well expressed and the antiserum was highly specific,and the titer of the antiserum against recombinant EDF-1 of B. gargarizans was 1∶8 000. These results lay a foundation for the further study of biological function of EDF-1 and provide important reference for development of antitumor drugs for inhibiting endothelia cell differentiation.
    Expression of Swimming Crab C-type Lysozyme in Pichia pastoris and Its Bacteriostatic Activity
    WANG Qiang-hou, TAO Yan, CUI Xu, YAN Qian-qian, ZHANG Ya-li
    2018, 34(10):  135-142.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0241
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    C-type lysozyme is an innate immune protein existing in different tissues of all organisms,thus it is a favorable candidate for developing natural bacteriostatic agent. In this study,mature peptide of C-type lysozyme from crustacean swimming crab(Portunus trituberculatus)was the object of recombinant DNA expression. Firstly,cDNA fragment encoding the C-type lysozyme mature peptide was cloned by RT-PCR,and was named as “ptlyC”. The ptlyC was ligated to pPICZαA vector to construct recombinant expression vector pPICZαA-ptlyC;then the pPICZαA-ptlyC was transformed into competent Pichia pastoris X-33 cells. Yeast transformants containing multi-copy gene insertion were screened by high concentration of zeocin. Recombinant ptlyC was induced with 1.0%(V/V)methanol at 28℃,250 r/min and pH6.0 for 72 h. The culture medium supernatant containing recombinant ptlyC was subjected to immobilized metal affinity chromatography(IMAC)for purification,and the molecular mass of the purified ptlyC was about 25.3 kD. Micro liquid-bacterial colony notation demonstrated that the culture medium supernatant containing recombinant ptlyC had a bacteriostatic effect on gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. Further,agar well diffusion assays confirmed that the purified recombinant ptlyC inhibited gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella lignieres.

    Antibiotic Resistance and Resistance Mechanism in Enterococcus faecium from Cold-water Fish in Aletai Prefecture of Xinjiang
    XIAO He, ZHANG Yan, WANG Yong-rui, NI Yong-qing
    2018, 34(10):  143-149.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0339
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    The antibiotic resistance,resistance genes and virulence factors of Enterococcus faecium strains from cold-water fish that collected from Aletai prefecture in Xinjiang were analyzed to evaluate the safety of cold-water fish. Disc diffusion method was used to detect the antimicrobial susceptibility of E. faecium strains to 12 antibiotics. Resistance genes and virulence factors were amplified by PCR. All the 13 E. faecium strains from intestine of cold-water fish were not resistant to the 12 antibiotics,while 11 strains being intermediate to ciprofloxacin and 2 strains being intermediate to streptomycin. All the 13 strains harbored the ciprofloxacin-resistant gene gyrA,while 2 strains carried the ciprofloxacin-resistant gene parC. Among the 13 strains,one strain carried achromycin-resistant gene tetK,one contained gene tetL,and 4 harbored the gene tetM and tetL. The 13 strains presented negative to the virulence factors. The analysis of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors of E. faecium strains suggests that the consumption of cold-water fish does not have a potential risk to the health of consumers.
    Antiserum Levels in Mice Inoculated with Spike Protein S1 Subunit and Its Coding DNA from Recombinant Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Virus
    ZHANG Qian-qian, LIU Kang-tai, HAN Zong-sheng, LI Rong-gui
    2018, 34(10):  150-156.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0273
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    Gene fragment of S1 subunit of spike protein was artificially synthesized. Then recombinant expression plasmid Peak13CD5LTEVhIgGFc containing MERS(Middle East respiratory syndrome)coronavirus spike protein(MERS-Co V S1)was constructed and transfected into HEK293E cells,and a positive monoclonal cell line of that may stably express recombinant fusion protein was selected. The recombinant fusion protein S1-Fc with a molecular weight of 122 kD was obtained after expression and purification,and confirmed as the target protein by Western blotting. Mice were inoculated with the recombinant plasmid Peak13CD5LS1TEVhIgGFc,the recombinant S1-Fc protein,and the combination of the recombinant plasmid and S1-Fc protein,respectively. The purified recombinant S1-Fc was used as the antigen,and the titer and specificity of the antiserum of the test mice were detected by Western blotting and ELISA. The results showed that specific S1 antiserums were all present in the mice immunized with the three different inoculations. Among them,the mice immunized with the recombinant S1-Fc protein and the combination of recombinant S1-Fc protein and Peak13CD5LS1TEVhIgGFc produced high titers of antiserums against S1 after the first time of the immunization,while the mice immunized only by recombinant plasmid produced antiserum after 3 times immunizations. The antiserums prepared by immunization with the recombinant S1-Fc and the combination of recombinant S1-Fc and recombinant plasmid had the consistent antiserum titer,higher than those in the mice immunized only with the recombinant plasmid,suggesting that the inoculation of recombinant S1-Fc protein in short term was fast and efficient.
    Identification of Newly Isolated Xanthobacter sp. and Its Degradability to Phthalic Acid Esters
    WANG Jia-yi FAN, Shuang-hu, REN Chao, WANG Jun-huan, YANG Ting, JIA Yang, LI Xian-jun, YAN Yan-chun
    2018, 34(10):  157-164.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0393
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    Phthalic acid esters(PAEs)are ubiquitous organic pollutants with environmental estrogen effects,which cause serious threats to human health and safety of ecological system. Strain YC-JY1 was isolated from long-time contaminated soil by petroleum,and grew by utilizing dibutyl phthalate(DBP)as the sole carbon source. After 16S rDNA sequencing,it was identified to be a strain of Xanthobacter genus. The optimal conditions for DBP degradation by this strain were 30℃,pH 7.0 and no NaCl added. Under this condition,100 mg/L DBP was completely degraded within 5 d. As the concentration of DBP increased,the degradation rate of it to DBP with initial concentration of 200 - 400 mg/L was over 94% after 5 d. Through substrate spectrum experiments,it was found that strain YC-JY1 utilized extensively other PAEs. The degradation rate of it to dipentyl phthalate(DPeP)and dihexyl phthalate(DHP)were all above 90%. The intermediates of DBP were determined to be mono-butyl phthalate(MBP)and phthalic acid(PA)by HPLC-MS. It was inferred that the initial metabolic process of DBP was as firstly hydrolyzed to MBP and then to PA by the strain YC-JY1.
    Functional Analysis of NADPH Oxidases in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from Hevea brasiliensis
    GUO Yun-feng, AN Bang
    2018, 34(10):  165-171.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0344
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    The rubber anthrax caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the major reason resulting in the yield reduction of rubber in Hainan. Research on the molecular pathogenic mechanism of C. gloeosporioides provides theoretical basis for the control strategy on rubber anthrax. Using the homologous recombination principle and the protoplast transformation method,the mutants of the genes encoding NADPH oxidase in C. gloeosporioides deleted was constructed,and the physiological phenotypes such as its growth and pathogenicity etc. were analyzed. As results,there were three genes encoding NADPH oxidases(Nox),including CgNoxA,CgNoxB,and CgNoxC,and the one CgNoxR encoding the regulatory protein of NADPH oxidases. PCR analysis confirmed that the mutants with above 4 genes knocked out were constructed successfully. Compared to the wild strain,the conidia and pathogenicity of the mutants varied. The mutant with CgNoxA deleted impaired conidia generation,the CgNoxR knocked-out mutant showed abnormal conidia germination behavior,and knocking out of CgNoxB led to significant decrease in the pathogenicity of the mutant to H. brasiliensis leaves. The detection by staining observation suggested that CgNoxA and CgNoxB were involved in the ROS(reactive oxygen species)metabolism. These results demonstrated that NADPH oxidases play important roles in regulating the conidia generation and pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides.
    Identification and Functional Exploration of the Expansin Gene from Thermophilic Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802
    GU Yuan, XUN Zi-qi, ZHENG Fei, TU Tao, YAO Bin, LUO Hui-ying
    2018, 34(10):  172-181.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0234
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    This study aims to obtain novel expansin-like genes,enrich expansin-like genes resources,explore its function,deepen our understanding of expansin-like and its mechanism of action,and promote its industrial application. In this study,an expansin-like gene Tlexlx1,1 196 bp in length,was cloned from thermophilic Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802 by RT-PCR. In comparison to most expansin derived from fungi,TlEXLX1 lacks a CBM domain at the N-terminus. Deduced TlEXLX1 has the highest sequence similarities of 81% with the hypothetical protein ASPZODRAFT_140583 from Penicilliopsis zonata and 56% with the expansin-like protein 1 from Penicillium digitatum Pd1. Recombinant plasmids harboring CBM-TlEXLX1 with the CBM domain of TlSWOl at the N-terminus and wild TlEXLX1were constructed,their gene products were expressed in Pichia pastoris,and the basic features of their products were analyzed. This gene contained 1 intron (83 bp) and encodes a polypepetide of 370 amino acids and a stop codon. Deduced TlEXLX1 consisted of a 22-residue signal peptide at the N-terminus,a GH45 domain and an expansin-like domain. The purified recombinant TlEXLX1 and fusion protein CBM-TlEXLX1 had significant glucanase activities of degrading lichenan (7.2 and 17.2 U/mg,and barley β-glucan (4.4 and 9.4 U/mg),but weak hydrolytic activity of microcrystalline cellulose. Using lichenan as the substrate,both enzymes showed similar temperature and pH optima (60°C and 6.0). Moreover,TlEXLX1 had capability of destroying the neat and smooth surface structure of microcrystalline cellulose,and exhibited synergistic effect with commercial cellulase. Conclusively,a novel expansin obtained has hydrolytic activity and has potential value in the lignocellulose degradation industry..
    Expression Analysis of Pathogenic Genes During the Infection of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides to Mango
    SU Chu-lian, KANG Hao, MEI Zhi-dong, YANG Shi-you, LIU Xiao-mei, PU Jin-ji, ZHANG He
    2018, 34(10):  182-186.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0295
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    This work aims to study the differential expressions of pathogenicity-related genes during the process of infecting mango by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Quantitative real-time PCR was utilized to analyze the expression variations of 11 genes including PL and PGduring pathogen infecting mango leaves and fruits. The results showed that the PG and PL genes were highly expressed continuously and the expression of SIN3P gene was low,while the other genes expressed high at 6 h after infection and then decreased during the process of C. gloeosporioides infection to mango leaves. PL,PG,SDH,ECH and other genes highly expressed when the pathogen infected the fruit,while the rest of the genes either increased or decreased. These results indicate that the pathogenic genes express differentially while C.gloeosporioides infects different tissues,and play different roles in the different infection period at varied level.

    Comparative Genomic Analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis Strain G03
    YAO Meng, WANG Kui, SHU Chang-long, DU Li-xin, LI Hai-tao, DING Ming-yue, LIU Rong-mei
    2018, 34(10):  187-193.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0859
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    Directed Evolution of Methyl Parathion Hydrolase Based on the Multi-dimensional Features:Molecular Structure and Bioinformatics
    REN Tian-lei, YANG Hai-quan, XU Fei
    2018, 34(10):  194-200.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0221
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    As an environmental-friendly green catalyst,methyl parathion hydrolase can degrade organophosphorus pesticides such as methyl parathion remained in soil such,thus improving the hydrolysis efficiency of methyl parathion hydrolase becomes a well-concerned issue. Based on the multi-dimensional features such as structural and bioinformatics,9 key sites around the catalytic active center were determined. A screening library containing 1 500 mutants were constructed for directed evolution. After two rounds of screening,2 mutants with the improved catalytic efficiency,L258V and L273M were identified. Their catalytic efficiency constants kcat/Km values were 134.1(mmol/L)-1·s-1 and 166.5(mmol/L)-1·s-1,respectively,which increased by 27.3% and 58.1% compared with the wild type. This method of constructing a directed evolution library by semi-rational design not only improves the screening efficiency of methyl parathion hydrolase,but also provides a new idea to improve properties of enzyme.
    Study on the Function of Atp11 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    SU Ru-yue, DING Ping, SHANG Jin-jie
    2018, 34(10):  201-206.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0308
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    ATP is synthesized by the catalase of ATP synthase complex and plays an important role in mitochondrial respiration. This paper aims to reveal the main function of Atp11 protein in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. First,we constructed the mutant Δatp11 by homologous recombination and observed the growth phenotype of Δatp1-deleted strain in non-fermentative medium with glycerol as the sole carbon source. Second,we utilized bioinformatics analysis and discovered that Atp11 contained a 24-amino-acid mitochondrial localization sequence(MTS)at the N-terminus. To further confirm the location of Atp11 in the cell,a GFP label was added to the C-terminus of Atp11 to observe the position of green fluorescence in cells. Third,we used Western blotting to detect the effect of atp11 deletion on the stabilities of mitochondrial genome-encoded proteins. The results showed that Δatp11 strain presented growth defect on non-fermentation medium and was a strain with faulted mitochondrial respiration. GFP experiment confirmed that Atp11 was localized in mitochondria. Western blotting experiment revealed that the deletion of atp11 resulted in the significant decrease in the protein level of Cob1,Cox1,Cox2,Cox3 and Atp6. In conclusion,Atp11 is localized in the mitochondria and essential for the function of mitochondrial respiration chain in S. pombe.
    Proteomic Analysis of Desert Chlorella Under Drought Stress
    TAN Jun, MOU Yun, ZHOU Guang-pu, ZHOU Yong-shun, XU Jie, GAO Jian-feng
    2018, 34(10):  207-216.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0423
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    By studying the proteomic changes of Chlorella under drought stress,the response mechanism of Chlorella to drought stress was explained from the level of protein expression. The total proteins of Chlorella treated with 20% PEG 6000 for 0,6,12,18,24,and 30 d were extracted. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry techniques were applied to analyze the differential proteins. Totally 29 differential proteins were identified and classified into 7 categories based on function:photosynthesis,energy synthesis and transformation,substance metabolism,antioxidation,transport and cell structure,stress resistance,and unknown function proteins. The changes in the expressions of these proteins affect the accumulation of oil in the desert Chlorella,play a crucial role in the response to drought stress,and directly or indirectly are involved in the photosynthesis and oil synthesis in the cells of desert Chlorella.
    Preliminary Study on Preservative Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Antimicrobial Peptides in Shampoo
    GUI Yin-xue, YANG Na, TENG Da, WANG Xiu-min, MAO Ruo-yu, HAO Ya, TENG Guo-xin, WANG Jian-hua
    2018, 34(10):  217-224.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0288
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    Preservatives are important ingredients to prevent cosmetics from microbial contamination. In order to have effective but non-toxic preservatives,the MICs of four antimicrobial peptides were determined,and two peptides N2 and NZ2114 having favorable antibacterial effects towards Gram-negative and -positive bacteria were screened. The preservative effect and safety performance were measured and evaluated by antibacterial experiments in vitro,ROS level and skin irritation test in mice. The results showed that,N2 and NZ2114 had a fast and efficient sterilization effect at the low concentration scope(40 and 20 µg/mL respectively),and the cell survival rate was more than 85% at a high concentration(128 µg/mL),moreover,they had low cytotoxicity. The results of ROS level and skin irritation test in mice demonstrated that N2 and NZ2114 did not damage skin cells and had antioxidant effect to some extent. These results provide a reference for using antimicrobial peptides a potent candidate of new effective and safe preservative in shampoo.
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    2018, 34(10):  300. 
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