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    26 March 2020, Volume 36 Issue 3
    Research Progress on CRISPR-Cas13-mediated RNA Editing System
    CHEN Min-jie, TANG Gui-yue, HONG Xiang-na, HAO Pei, JIANG Jing, LI Xuan
    2020, 36(3):  1-8.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-1204
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    The immune defense system CRISPR-Cas,which is universal in bacteria and archaea,has now been extensively used in the field of biotechnology,especially CRISPR-Cas9 for targeting DNA. However,the RNA-targeted CRISPR-Cas technology is still in the preliminary application stage. The discovery of VI-type CRISPR-Cas system(CRISPR-Cas13)reveals RNA-guided RNA targeting. CRISPR-Cas13 is the system in the CRISPR-Cas family that targets only ssRNA so far,which lays a foundation for RNA targeting and RNA editing. It has recently been demonstrated that VI-type CRISPR-Cas system can be divided into 4 subtypes(A-D)based on Cas13 phylogeny. Here we review the classification and defense mechanisms of the latest RNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas13 systems,describes the advances in applications of CRISPR-Cas13 systems and in CRISPR-Cas13-mediated RNA editing system,and finally we analyze the remaining questions and highlight the prospects in CRISPR-Cas13-mediated RNA editing system.

    Applications and Prospect of Genome Editing Techniques in Precise Potato Molecular Breeding
    YE Ming-wang, LI Can-hui, GONG Ming
    2020, 36(3):  9-17.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-1272
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    After nearly a decade of rapid development,genome editing techniques have become powerful tools for gene function research and precise molecular breeding. These technologies mainly result in the DNA insertion or deletion mutation at the target site by causing double-stranded DNA fracture at these sites and triggering the repair mechanisms of the cells. With the implementation of the national strategy of using potato as staple diet,people’s demand for potato varieties will become more and more multi-faceted,and genome editing will provide efficient and fast technical approaches for directed genetic improvement and precise molecular breeding in potato. In this paper,the principles of three mainstream genome editing techniques were briefly reviewed,their applications in improvement and precise molecular breeding of potato varieties were retrospected,significance and present problems of these techniques in potato precision molecular breeding were discussed,and the future application of genome editing in potato molecular breeding was prospected,aimed at providing reference and new ideas for future potato precision molecular breeding.
    Research Progress in Genome Editing of Lepidoptera Insects
    CHENG Ying, JIN Ming-hui, XIAO Yu-tao
    2020, 36(3):  18-28.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0875
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    Insects of the order Lepidoptera are among the most diverse and species-rich groups of organisms. Gene function research through genome editing is an efficient and practical way to study the genetic,physiological and biochemical regulation mechanism. The technologies of zinc finger nucleases(ZFNs),transcription activator-like effector nucleases(TALENs)and CRISPR/Cas(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR;CRISPR associated protein,Cas)are 3 major genome editing techniques applied in Lepidoptera insects genome editing. Their basic principle is as such:triggering DNA damage repair mechanism by making DNA double-strand breaks(DSBs)damages in the genome,and subsequently resulting in the mutations of inserting and deleting. In this paper,the basic principles of the ZFNs,TALENs and CRISPR/Cas technologies and research progresses on their applications in order Lepidoptera insects such as Bombyx mori,Spodoptera litura,Helicoverpa armigera are briefly overviewed. This provides references for functional genomics study,insect physiology and biochemistry,insect ethology and the establishment of green pest control system. Finally,the application status of genome editing technology in Lepidoptera insects is briefly summarized,and the establishment and application of Lepidoptera-specific gene editing technology are prospected.
    Advances on Efficient and Precise Targeted Foreign DNA Integration
    WU Zhi-sheng, FU Gao-hui, LUO Wen-jun, LIU Jun-jie, CHEN Hui-fang, BAI Yin-shan
    2020, 36(3):  29-37.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-1207
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    Precise and efficient target gene integration is a transgenic technology that inserts foreign DNA into the aimed position of cell genome. Integration of the target gene is achieved by the recombination of the homologous sequences of both cell genomic DNA and foreign DNA in the early stage. With the development of gene editing technology,especially the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9,the efficient and precise technology of foreign DNA integration becomes more and more mature and could be widely used in the researches on functional genomics,transgenic animals and genetic disease treatment. Here,we reviewed the research advances on precise target and efficient integration technologies such as gene editing,guided RNA modification technology,single base integration technology,transposon technology,and foreign DNA typing efficiency.
    Research Progress on CRISPR Technology in Biology and Medical Science
    YANG Yue, GAO Jun-ru, YANG Liu
    2020, 36(3):  38-44.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0147
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    As an emerging technology,CRISPR has been developing rapidly in recent years,and there are great research achievements in disease detection,as well as in the construction of model organisms and gene therapy field. As its simple principle,easy to operate and it can be combined with a variety of technologies,CRISPR technology has great potential in medicine,agriculture,environment and other fields. In addition to the classic CRISPR/cas9 system,scientists have discovered various other types CRISPR/Cas system. Meanwhile,the single base editor(BE)based on Cas9 protein and the CRISPR/Cas13a system that can edit RNA also greatly expand the application range of CRISPR. This article will review the latest development of CRISPR technology and its application in biology,medicine and other fields.
    Strategies for Efficient Exogenous Gene Expression in Transgenic Animals
    ZHAO Xu-dong, HUANG Yong-zhi, BI Yan-zhen, DONG Fa-ming
    2020, 36(3):  45-53.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0989
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    The exogenous genes are often silenced in transgenic animals or cells due to a variety of reasons. Currently,there are two main strategies to break this bottleneck:one is to use safe harbors;the second is to optimize cis-acting elements of exogenous genes. Using safe harbors is to insert exogenous genes into the active transcription region via site-specific integration technologies. Optimizing cis-acting elements is to select the appropriate promoters,enhancers,introns,ubiquitous chromatin opening elements(UCOE),matrix attachment regions(MARs)to construct efficient expression vector. This review summarizes the relevant strategies for improving the expression efficiency of exogenous genes and provides a reference for genetic engineering animal breeding.
    Research Progress on Handmade Cloning in Mammalian
    HAN Mei, YUAN Chao, GUO Ting-ting, WU Yi, YUE Yao-jing, YANG Bo-hui
    2020, 36(3):  54-61.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2020-0008
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    Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer(SCNT)is basically classified into Traditional Cloning(TC)and Handmade Cloning(HMC). With the development of SCNT,although a variety of animals have been successfully cloned using conventional cloning,the method needs using an expensive micromanipulator and the cloning efficiency is less. Therefore,the TC is gradually replaced by the new method HMC that is fusing the somatic cell and two enucleated half cytoplasts together and activating by manual operation rather than using micromanipulator,and the fusing cell is cultured in a culture system to produce embryos. HMC not only has simple operation procedures and lower cost,but also increases blastocyst rate,bringing cloning technology to production in another big step. This paper reviews the operating procedures of HMC and the anomalies of epigenetic reprogramming as well as the repair of abnormal HMC reprogramming. In addition,the HMC has been prospected in order to better apply it to production.
    Research Progress of CRISPR /Cas9 Gene Editing Technology in Goat and Sheep
    SONG Shao-zheng, LU Rui, ZHANG Ting, HE Zheng-yi, WU Zhao-manqiu, CHENG Yong, ZHOU Ming-ming
    2020, 36(3):  62-68.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2020-0068
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    CRISPR/cas9 system is a new gene editing technology in recent years,and it can precisely edit and modify the specific DNA sequence of organism,including knockout,insertion or site-directed mutation. It is simple,efficient,precise and specific. Therefore,it has been widely used in biomedicine,gene engineering and genetic breeding research. The goat and sheep are important economic domestic animal and experimental animal. Genetic modification of sheep and goat by CRISPR/cas9 editing system can accelerate breed improvement,increase livestock production and obtain high quality agricultural and sideline products. Here we mainly summarize the overview,mechanism and the research progress of CRISPR/cas9 gene editing technology and its application in “humanized” modification of goat milk,raising meat quality,improving wool fiber quality,and the prospect,aiming at providing reference for relevant researchers.
    Research Progress of Biosensing Strategy Based on CRISPR/Cas System
    HU Xiao-lin, WANG Liang-ting, GU Wei, LUO Yang
    2020, 36(3):  69-77.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0932
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    CRISPR/Cas9 system is the third generation of genome editing tools after zinc finger endonuclease and transcription activator-like effector nuclease. Because of its ability to cut double-stranded DNA,CRISPR/Cas9 system is widely used in gene editing and biosensing. With the “collateral cleavage” activity of Cas12a(Cpf1)and Cas13a(C2c2)proteins discovered,the application of CRISPR / CAS system in biosensor has been expanded. In recent years,researchers have developed a series of fast,ultrasensitive and highly specific biosensor for molecular detection,such as SHERLOCK and DETECTR. This review mainly reports the research progress of new biosensors based on CRISPR/CAS system,and prospects its future development.
    Research Progress on Off-target Effects and Detection Techniques in CRISPR/Cas9 Systems
    ZHANG Chen, LEI Zhan, LI Kai, SHANG Ying, XU Wen-tao
    2020, 36(3):  78-87.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0871
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    Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)and its associated protein Cas9 have become as a powerful tool for precise genome editing. The CRISPR/Cas9 system,derived from the immune mechanism of bacteria and archaea,is simple in structure and easy to design. Different gene site can be quickly edited by simply changing a small sequence on the sgRNA. Compared with the zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases,the gene editing efficiency by CRISPR/Cas9 system is higher and the specificity is stronger. However,the inevitable off-target event in the application process severely limits the further development of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Therefore,this article reviews the off-target type,influencing factors,reduction strategies and off-target detection technologies in applying the CRISPR/Cas9 system.
    Editing of Fragrant Rice Related Gene OsBADH2 in‘Jijing 88’
    ZHOU Yan, GUO Jia, HU Yu-feng, WEI Jian, LI Yi-dan
    2020, 36(3):  88-94.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0740
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    The fragrant quality of rice is an important agronomic trait concerned by consumers. Gene OsBADH2 in rice is the key one that affects the fragrant of rice,selecting high-quality elite rice varieties and conducting gene editing based on the gene is expected to create japonica rice materials with excellent fragrance. In this study,we analyzed the conservation of the exon sequence of OsBADH2 gene,selected three specific targets,and constructed the gRNA expression cassette driven by U6 promoter containing different targets and ligated into plant gene editing expression vector. Then,we used gene gun-mediated transient expression system to have genetic transformation of non-fragrant elite rice variety “Jijing 88” and obtained 847 regenerated materials of T0. Finally we used high-resolution melting(HRM)to analyze and verify by sequencing,and there were different types of editing of OsBADH2 gene editing targets in 24 strains of T0 generation materials. Seven T1 lines were confirmed to be non-transgenic and homozygous in target sites. Our results showed that the resistance screening process was omitted in the process of transformation and regeneration based on the transient transformation system mediated by gene gun,and the gene-edited progenies with homozygous editing and non-transgenic components could be obtained in T1 generation while supplemented by efficient HRM detection. The “Jijing 88” progenies via editing OsBADH2 gene also provides new materials for the cultivation of elite rice varieties with improved fragrance quality.
    Development and Application of BE3 Cytidine Base Editor in Corynebacterium glutamicum
    HUANG Hua-mei, BAI Li-kuan, LIU Ye, LI Jun-wei, WANG Meng, HUA Er-bing
    2020, 36(3):  95-101.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0956
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    The base editing technology,combining the targeted specificity of CRISPR/Cas system and the catalytic activity of cytidine deaminase,has been developed and widely applied in mammalian cells,plants and microorganism,due to not introducing double-stranded DNA break,a DNA template and relying on host homologous recombination repair pathway. In order to expand the application of base editing in Corynebacterium glutamicum,C to T conversion was achieved by fusing the cytidine deaminase(rAPOBEC1)and nCas9;however,the initial editing efficiency was low(0 to 20%). The base editor BE3 was then constructed by adding the UGI protein in the C terminus of the rAPOBEC1-nCas9 fusion,which inhibited the DNA base excise repair pathway and significantly improved the editing performance with the C to T conversion efficiency up to 90%. For convenience in future applications,the dual-plasmid base editing system was simplified to single-plasmid system,and the transformation efficiency was remarkably enhanced. Finally,by using other genomic loci as editing target,the single-plasmid based BE3 base editor was proved to be powerful with high editing efficiency and broad editing window(-11 to -19 positions upstream of the PAM sequence),which was beneficial to cover more target genomic loci and provided more tools for genome engineering of C. glutamicum.
    Lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated PKA C-α Knockout in Pancreatic-β Cell
    HE Shi-jun, WAN Yi-hong, ZHANG Jia-wen, CAI Xiu-chao, LIU Jing-wen, LIU Shu-wen, YAO Xin-gang
    2020, 36(3):  102-109.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0534
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    This work aims to establish the INS-1 cell line with PKA C-α stably knocked out using CRISPR/ Cas9 technique and to study the function of PKA C-α in pancreatic β-cell. Two 25 bp sgRNAs designed to target exon 5 and exon 7 of PKA C-α separately were chemically synthesized and inserted into LentiCRISPRv2 plasmid.,the plasmid was then transfected to 293T cells to prepare sgRNA-Cas9 lentivirus,and the lentivirus was then infected INS-1 cells. The positive cells were screened using puromycin and the monoclonal cells were obtained using infinite dilution method. The expression of PKA C-α protein was detected by Western blotting assay in monoclonal cells and the mutation site was confirmed by sequence analysis. It was confirmed by Western blotting assay that the exon 5-trageting sgRNA successfully knocked out PKA C-α.The INS-1 cell line with PKA C-α gene stably knockout was obtained. Sequence analysis results showed a 1-bp insertion mutation in the PKA C-α gene occurred and insulin secretion of INS-1 with PKA C-α gene knockout reduced. In sum,knocking out the gene PKA C-α using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in INS-1 cell line is successful,which lays a foundation in studying the function of PKA C-α in pancreatic β-cell.
    Construction of Plasmids for Knocking out ALOX5 Gene Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology
    MEI Fen, LI Rui-wei, ZHANG Juan-juan, ZUO Rong-xia, ZOU Yun-lian, SHEN Tao, SA Ya-lian
    2020, 36(3):  110-114.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0270
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    This work aims to construct the plasmids targeting for ALOX5 gene knockout by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Three pairs of oligonucleotides sgRNAs targeting exon 6 of ALOX5 gene were designed,chemically synthesized,and inserted into linearized plasmids pX458,respectively. The recombinant plasmids pX458-sgRNAs-ALOX5 was then transformed into competent Escherichia coli DH5α. Whether or not recombinant plasmids were constructed successfully was evaluated by Sanger sequencing. The constructed recombinant plasmids were transfected into 293T cells,and the transfection efficiency was observed under fluorescence microscope. Then their genomic DNA derived from the successfully-transfected cells were extracted by the reagent kit. The DNA fragment with target gene knockout was amplified by PCR,the nucleotides were obtained by sequencing,and the knockout of ALOX5 gene in the transfected cells was analyzed by DNAStar software. The sequencing results revealed that 2 pairs of double stranded sgRNA oligodeoxynucleotides were successfully inserted into the plasmids with correct sequences,and the construction of recombinant plasmid pX458-sgRNAs-ALOX5 targeting ALOX5 gene was successful. The transfection efficiency of pX458-sgRNAs-ALOX5 in 293T was about 50%;however,cleaving effect was not detected by Sanger sequencing. In summary,the CRISPR/Cas9-based plasmids pX458-sgRNAs targeting the exon 6 of ALOX5 gene is successfully constructed.

    Generation of Stable α-ENaC Knockout Rat L2 Cell Strains by CRISPR/Cas9
    WANG Song, LI Peng-cheng, BAI Chao-hui, XU Hong-xin, YING Yan-min, ZHANG Mo, BAI Yi-chun
    2020, 36(3):  115-123.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0919
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    The purposes of this study are to generate α-ENaC knockout rat L2 cell line using CRISPR/Cas9 gene engineering technology and to explore the effect of α-ENaC on cell proliferation. CRISPR/Cas9 expression vectors with the α-ENaC gene knockout and the surrogate reporter were constructed on rat L2 cell line. After transfection and puromycin selection,the obtained mutational monoclones were confirmed by Western Blot and sequence analysis. CCK-8 method was used to determine the proliferation activity of the mutated cells. The CRISPR/Cas9 systems targeting the first exon of α-ENaC gene and the SSA-RPG surrogate reporter were designed and constructed successfully. Eight monoclones were picked after puromycin selection,and 2 of 8 monoclones showed significantly reduced α-ENaC expression and one of them lost the α-ENaC expression. The sequence analysis results confirmed that 2 of 3 monoclones were one single allelic mutation and the other one was double allelic mutation. In addition,there were no off-targets mutations. The proliferation activity of mutant cell lines decreased significantly,and that of the double allelic mutant cell line decreased more significantly. In sum,the α-ENaC knockout rat L2 cell line is successfully generated using CRISPR/Cas9 system combined with SSA-RPG surrogate reporters,and the α-ENaC gene is related to cell proliferation.

    Bacterial Diversity and Community Structure of Rhizosphere Soil of Tea Plants in Different Years of Planting
    XU Guang, WANG Meng-jiao, DENG Bai-wan, GUO Miao-miao
    2020, 36(3):  124-132.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0862
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    The traditional culture method and high-throughput sequencing technology were used to study the diversity,structure and composition of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of different tea planting years(5-,10-,and 20-year),and to analyze the correlation between physical and chemical properties of tea tree soil and bacterial community,which may provide a reference for improving the soil of tea trees and increasing the yield of tea trees. The results showed that both methods indicated that there were significant differences in the bacterial community structure of rhizosphere in different tea planting years. The bacterial diversity of 5- and 10-year tea trees was significantly higher than that of 20-year tea trees. The culture method revealed that thick-walled bacteria(Firmicutes and Bacillus)were dominant phyla,and high-throughput sequencing techniques yielded that Acidobacteria,Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,and Candidatus_Udaeobacter were dominant genus. Total nitrogen,total potassium,total phosphorus and pH were the key physical and chemical factors affecting the bacterial community of tea plants. With the increase of tea planting years,measures should be taken to prevent soil acidification and appropriate nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer should be increased.
    Effects of Exogenous Sulfur on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Mineral Elements Absorption in Portulaca oleracea Under Cadmium Stress
    WANG Zhu-cheng, LIU Hui, LI Rong-hua
    2020, 36(3):  133-140.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0672
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    Uncovering the physiological mechanism of exogenous sulfur inducing cadmium(Cd)tolerance in Portulaca oleracea from the aspect of photosynthetic reaction system may provide a theoretical foundation for application of S in alleviating the toxicity of heavy metals in plants. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenous(NH42SO4,an S donor,on the photosynthetic pigments,photosynthetic characteristics,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,and mineral element contents in P. oleracea treated with 100 mg/L CdCl2. The results showed that Cd stress resulted in the significant decrease of chlorophyll a and b,also the net photosynthesis rate transpiration rate,and stomatal conductance,while the increase of intercellular concentrations of carbon dioxide(Ci);these results indicated that nonstomatal factor was the dominant one that induced photosynthetic inhibition under Cd stress. Meanwhile,PSII actual photochemical efficiency(ФPSII),electron transfer efficiency(J),and chemical quenching coefficient(qP)all significantly decreased,whereas nonchemical quenching coefficient(qN)significantly increased;these results implied that Cd stress disturbed proper function of PSII in P. oleracea. However,the application of 400 mg/L(NH42SO4 significantly increased the content of chlorophyll a and b,ratio of chlorophyll a/b,meanwhile enhanced both of the photosynthesis and quantum yield of PSII photochemistry. Furthermore,Cd treatment significantly increased content of calcium(Ca)and iron(Fe),while inhibited absorption of magnesium(Mg),manganese(Mn),and copper(Cu);these results implied that the cadmium-incited etiolation of the leaves was related to the deficiency of Mg and Mn in P. oleracea,but not to Fe. In sum,adding surplus S may significantly increase the content of Ca,Mg,Fe,Cu and Mn and therefore enhance PSII system in the leaves of P. oleracea under Cd stress.
    Identification of Inorganic Phosphate-solubilizing Bacterium Mp1-Ha4 in Poplar Rhizosphere and Its Phosphate-solubilizing Mechanism
    HAN Xue-jiao, ZENG Qing-wei, ZHAO Yu-ping
    2020, 36(3):  141-147.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0952
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    Inorganic phosphate-solubilizing bacteria can dissolve insoluble phosphate in soil,increase available phosphorus content in soil and thus promote plant growth. An inorganic phosphate-solubilizing bacterium Mp1-Ha4 screened from poplar rhizosphere soil was used as the research object. The strain was identified by molecular biology method,and its phosphate-solubilizing ability to calcium phosphate,aluminum phosphate and iron phosphate was determined. The dissolution kinetics of calcium phosphate by this strain within 9 days was also studied. The results showed that the inorganic phosphate-solubilizing bacterium Mp1-Ha4 was a Cedecea sp.,and its ability to dissolve calcium phosphate was much stronger than that to dissolve aluminum phosphate and iron phosphate. In NBRIP liquid culture medium,the strain’s dissolving ability to calcium phosphate reached 497.4 mg/L. During the phosphate solubilization process,the pH and titratable acidity of the culture medium showed significant negative and positive correlations with the phosphate solubilization amount,respectively. High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the strain secreted a large amount of organic acids,mainly including α-ketoglutaric acid,tartaric acid and malic acid,in the process of phosphorus removal. Secreting organic acids and reducing environmental pH may be the main mechanism of dissolving insoluble phosphate by inorganic phosphate-solubilizing bacterium Mp1-Ha4. Meanwhile,the efficient dissolution of calcium phosphate by the strain has great research and application prospects.
    Antibacterial Action of Lactobacillus acidophilus S-layer proteins Combined with Antibiotics on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
    ZHANG Xiao-hui, WANG Yi, LI Hui-fang, GAO Jia-li
    2020, 36(3):  148-152.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0559
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    This work aims to detect the antibacterial action of S-layer proteins of Lactobacillus acidophilus and the combination of the S-layer proteins with antibiotics on Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus. L. acidophilus was cultivated via liquid fermentation,S-layer proteins crude extract were obtained with LiCl extraction,and the S-layer proteins was purified with gel filtration chromatography. At 2 h after infecting the Caco-2 with E. coli and S. aureus respectively,the inhibition effects of S-layer proteins on E. coli and S. aureus under different concentration and different impact times were investigated,also the inhibition effect of S-layer protein combined with antibiotics on E. coli and S. aureus was studied. The experiments were grouped as:(1)control,(2)L. acidophilus,(3)S-layer proteins,(4)antibiotics,(5)L. acidophilus+ antibiotics,and (6)S-layer proteins+ antibiotics. Results showed that L. acidophilus was harvested by liquid fermentation,S-layer proteins were extracted and purified. S-layer proteins demonstrated the fine inhibition to E. coli and S. aureus in a dosage-dependent way,the inhibition rate reached 42.2% and 31.7% respectively under high concentration,and the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01). The interference effect was obvious in short time after E. coli and S. aureus intervened,and the inhibition rate reached 59.3% and 48.4% respectively at 0 h. The inhibition rate of S-layer proteins combined with antibiotics reached 81.7% and 78.3% respectively,the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01),and the effect was better than antibiotics alone. In conclusion,L. acidophilus S-layer proteins present strongly antibacterial effect,it can be co-used with antibiotics,and it is expected to be develop as a new type of antibacterial drug.
    Expression and Renaturation of Recombinant Human Lysozyme in Escherichia coli
    ZHANG Chun-chen, HU Shuang-yan, RUAN Hai-hua
    2020, 36(3):  153-161.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0680
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    Human lysozyme(HLZ)is a glycosidolytic enzyme with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. As an alternative to antibiotics,HLZ has been widely used in the food industry,animal husbandry and medical fields. How to obtain HLZ with high yield,high activity and purity is an technical issue to be urgently solved. The codons of HLZ gene were optimized to improve its fitness and expression in Escherichia coli,then the optimized gene of HLZ was introduced into expressing plasmid pET21a and expressed in E. coli expressing strain BL21(DE3). After inclusion body was dissolved by 8 mol/L urea solution,the effects of 3 refolding methods including one-step dialysis,gradient dialysis and gradient dilution and the concentration of glutathione REDOX(GSSG/GSH),arginine and glycerol on the refolding of HLZ were investigated to confirm the best refolding plan. Results showed that under the induction by 0.5 mmol/L IPTG at temperature of 37℃,HLZ with the molecular weight of about 14.7 kD was successfully expressed in E. coli,and the expression quantity of inclusion body was about 380 mg/L(wet weight). After refolding the denatured HLZ by one step dialysis,gradient dialysis and gradient dilution,the specific activities of the enzyme were measured as 147 U/mg,335 U/mg and 176 U/mg respectively,indicating that the optimal refolding method was gradient dialysis. The effects of glutathione redox(GSSG/GSH ratio),arginine and glycerol concentration on the refolding of HLZ were further investigated. The results showed that the highest enzyme specific activities of refolded HLZ was 1 170 U/mg,which was much higher than the 335 U/mg specific activity of HLZ when the 3 contents were not added,but lower than the enzyme specific activity 1 732 U/mg by commercial HLZ. In conclusion,target HLZ was successfully expressed in E. coli,and recombinant HLZ with high activity was successfully obtained by the refolding system of inclusion body.
    Effects of Tobacco Extracts on the Lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster and Related Gene Transcription
    BAI Jin-ming, ZHAO Zi-xiang, QIN Jia-chen, LIU Jian-hui, LIANG Ai-bo
    2020, 36(3):  162-167.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0644
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    It aims to explore the effects of tobacco extract on the lifespan and aging of fruit flies and the possible molecular mechanisms. The young W1118 male fruit flies within 12 h of emergence were cultured in medium supplemented with different concentrations of tobacco extract,and the death of fruit flies was counted daily. The total RNA was extracted from control group and the highest concentration treatment group at every 7 d,and the expressions of life-related genes,such as catalase(CAT),superoxide dismutase(SOD),deubiquitinating enzyme(Rpn11),and deacetylase(Sirt6),were detected by real-time PCR. The result showed that the effect of tobacco significantly shortened the lifespan of male Drosophila melanogaster,which gradually increased with the increase of tobacco extract concentration. The antioxidant genes of the fruit flies were significantly up-regulated under the influence of tobacco,and the changes in the expressions of ubiquitination regulatory gene and deacetylation gene significantly varied. This indicates that tobacco adversely affects the lifespan of fruit flies,which may lead to premature senescence of fruit flies by causing oxidative stress.
    Proteomics Study on Spermatogonia Differentiation in Mice
    LI Kun, LIU Yue, HUANG Peng, YANG Zhi-fang, HU Qian, ZHANG Ying, LI Zhi-hong, LÜ Ye-hui, LIANG Le
    2020, 36(3):  168-176.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0640
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    This work aims to study the quantitative proteomics of undifferentiated spermatogonia and differentiating spermatogonia in mice testis,to explore the difference of proteome expression between the two types of spermatogonia,and to explore the proteins related to spermatogonial differentiation. Thy1+ cells and c-Kit+ cells in testis of 7-days male mice were separated as undifferentiated and differentiating spermatogonia by magnetic bead sorting technique combined with Thy1 and c-Kit specific antibodies. Three groups of Thy1 positive cells and four groups of c-Kit positive cells represented undifferentiated spermatogonia and differentiating spermatogonia respectively. High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)was used to analyze the difference of protein expression between the two types of cells. GO function annotation,KEGG metabolic pathway and cluster analysis were performed on the differentially expressed proteins of the two types of cells. A total of 3 228 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry,of which 256 were differentially expressed in two types of cells. Among them,enrichment analysis of differential proteins discovered that in biological processes,annotations showed that differential proteins were mainly enriched in primary metabolic process,cellular metabolic process,macromolecule metabolic process and nitrogen compound metabolic process. In terms of cell components,proteins were mainly concentrated in cell parts,intracellular parts and organelles. In terms of molecular functions,the identified proteins were mainly involved in protein binding,nucleotide binding and nucleic acid binding. KEGG annotation results showed that 88 proteins were functionally annotated in KEGG database and involved in 13 metabolic pathways. The main metabolic pathways were spliceosome and ubiquitin mediated proteolysis. The proteome expression profiles of undifferentiated and differentiating spermatogonia in mouse testis are obtained. The proteome composition of undifferentiated and differentiating spermatogonia is revealed and differential proteins are screened out.
    Effects of Recombinant IL-2 on Blood Biochemical Parameters and Immune Indexes of Takifugu rubripes
    BAO Ming-xiu, ZANG Lin, ZHANG Hong-bin, LIU Fu-jun, JING Di, WANG Xiu-li
    2020, 36(3):  177-182.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0916
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    In order to study the effects of recombinant interleukin-2(r IL-2)on blood biochemical parameters and immune indexes of Takifugu rubripes,the T. rubripes with a body weight of(205.9±30.5)g was selected. These T. rubripes were used for the immune response assay of recombinant interleukin 2.The r IL-2 immunization dose was designed to be 2.5,5,7.5,and 10 μg,and blood was collected at 4 h,8 h,and 12 h after immunization. The results showed that the content of urea nitrogen in T. rubripes serum after r IL-2 immunization was significantly higher than that in other groups at the 8h time point(P<0.05),and the triglyceride content at 4 h time point tended to increase with the rise of immunization dosage. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase at 8 h was higher than that at other time points(P<0.05). The activity of catalase in 2.5 and 5μg dosage group was significantly higher than that of other groups at 4 h(P<0.05). It also had a significant effect on the content of immunoglobulin. This study found that the injection of recombinant IL-2 caused changes in blood biochemical indicators and immune indexes,especially the changes of superoxide dismutase and aspartate aminotransferase(P<0.05),which may promote the immune response of T. rubripes to a certain extent.
    Cloning and Expression Analysis of Prolactin Receptor 1 in Rachycentron canadum at Different Water Salinities
    HUANG Bao-song, LI Jin-feng, ZHANG Ye, CAO Dan-yu, LU Xiao-ying, GHEN Gang, WANG Zhong-liang
    2020, 36(3):  183-192.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0813
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    Prolactin receptor can regulate osmotic pressure of fish by binding prolactin. In order to understand the expression of prolactin receptor PRLR1 in cobia(Rachycentron canadum)in high saline and low saline,the full-length cDNA sequence of codfish PRLR1 was obtained by RACE-PCR(rapid amplification of cDNA ends). The full-length cDNA of this gene was 2 629 bp,including an open reading frame of 1 953 bp,and encoding 650 amino acids. The amino acid sequence comprised of two fibronectin type 3 domains(FN3),a conserved WS region,and box1. The expression of PRLR1 mRNA in gill,intestine and body kidney was detected by real-time quantitative PCR under different water salinities(10‰,30‰,and 35‰). The results showed that gene PRLR1 was expressed in various tissues of cobia,among which the highest expression of gill,followed by muscle,body kidney and intestine,but slightly expressed in stomach,spleen,brain and heart. In the low-salt group,the normal group and the high-salt group,the expression level of gene PRLR1 in gill was the highest,followed by that in the intestine and the lowest in the kidney. With the increase of salinity,the expression of PRLR1 in gill,intestine and body kidney showed a gradual decline. The above results reflect the functional difference of PRLR1 in osmotic organs of R. canadum,indicating that PRLR1 plays an important role in osmotic pressure regulation.
    Preparation of Recombinant Milk Allergen β-Lactoglobulin and Establishment of Magnetic Particle Chemiluminescence Detection Method
    HANG Xin-ru, GENG Rong-qing, QIAN Lin
    2020, 36(3):  193-198.  doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0661
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    Using prokaryotic system to express milk β-lactoglobulin(Bos d5)protein,a magnetic nanoparticle chemiluminescence immunoassay method was established to detect specific Ig E antibody content of allergen milk β-lactoglobulin. The recombinant bovine β-lactoglobulin gene was artificially optimized and synthesized with the plasmid,which then was introduced into the prokaryotic expression strain Rosetta to express the target protein. The purified recombinant Bos d5 protein was biotinylated and used on chemiluminescence platform,and the allergen items were detected on the chemiluminescence platform. The 22.5 kD recombinant bovine β-lactoglobulin with >85% purity was obtained and the biotinylated recombinant protein was used to develop the bovine β-lactoglobulin magnetic nanoparticle detection kit. The positive coincidence rate of serum samples was 88.9%,the negative coincidence rate was 97.3%,the total coincidence rate was 94/5% P<0.001,χ2=84.238,Kappa=0.874,while aligned with Phadia reference kit in 110 serum samples. The recombinant milk allergy component β-lactoglobulin obtained from the prokaryotic expression system has high immunoactivity,and the developed immunoassay kit performs well and can be used in medical clinical diagnosis.